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<div class="section" id="create-news-items">
<h1>Create news items<a class="headerlink" href="#create-news-items" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>You now know how you can read data from a database using CodeIgniter, but
you haven’t written any information to the database yet. In this section
you’ll expand your news controller and model created earlier to include
this functionality.</p>
<div class="section" id="create-a-form">
<h2>Create a form<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-form" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To input data into the database you need to create a form where you can
input the information to be stored. This means you’ll be needing a form
with two fields, one for the title and one for the text. You’ll derive
the slug from our title in the model. Create the new view at
<em>application/views/news/create.php</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Title<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;title&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Text<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">textarea</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">textarea</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Create news item&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are only two things here that probably look unfamiliar to you: the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code> function and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">validation_errors()</span></code> function.</p>
<p>The first function is provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form
helper</span></a> and renders the form element and
adds extra functionality, like adding a hidden <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">CSRF prevention
field</span></a>. The latter is used to report
errors related to form validation.</p>
<p>Go back to your news controller. You’re going to do two things here,
check whether the form was submitted and whether the submitted data
passed the validation rules. You’ll use the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">form
validation</span></a> library to do this.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Create a news item&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/success&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above adds a lot of functionality. The first few lines load the
form helper and the form validation library. After that, rules for the
form validation are set. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> method takes three arguments;
the name of the input field, the name to be used in error messages, and
the rule. In this case the title and text fields are required.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter has a powerful form validation library as demonstrated
above. You can read <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">more about this library
here</span></a>.</p>
<p>Continuing down, you can see a condition that checks whether the form
validation ran successfully. If it did not, the form is displayed, if it
was submitted <strong>and</strong> passed all the rules, the model is called. After
this, a view is loaded to display a success message. Create a view at
<em>application/views/news/success.php</em> and write a success message.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="model">
<h2>Model<a class="headerlink" href="#model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The only thing that remains is writing a method that writes the data to
the database. You’ll use the Query Builder class to insert the
information and use the input library to get the posted data. Open up
the model created earlier and add the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">set_news</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">url_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dash&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This new method takes care of inserting the news item into the database.
The third line contains a new function, url_title(). This function -
provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL helper</span></a> - strips down
the string you pass it, replacing all spaces by dashes (-) and makes
sure everything is in lowercase characters. This leaves you with a nice
slug, perfect for creating URIs.</p>
<p>Let’s continue with preparing the record that is going to be inserted
later, inside the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array. Each element corresponds with a column in
the database table created earlier. You might notice a new method here,
namely the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code> method from the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">input
library</span></a>. This method makes sure the data is
sanitized, protecting you from nasty attacks from others. The input
library is loaded by default. At last, you insert our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array into
our database.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Before you can start adding news items into your CodeIgniter application
you have to add an extra rule to <em>config/routes.php</em> file. Make sure your
file contains the following. This makes sure CodeIgniter sees ‘create’
as a method instead of a news item’s slug.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now point your browser to your local development environment where you
installed CodeIgniter and add index.php/news/create to the URL.
Congratulations, you just created your first CodeIgniter application!
Add some news and check out the different pages you made.</p>
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<div class="section" id="news-section">
<h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework
by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by
adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content
and start using a database.</p>
<div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model">
<h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries
should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models
are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your
database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p>
<p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called
<em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you’ve configured
your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It
creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> and loads the database
library. This will make the database class available through the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></code> object.</p>
<p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created.
Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL).
Also add some seed records.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method
to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database
abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter —
<a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it
possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all
supported database systems</span></a>. Add the
following code to your model.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all
news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have
noticed that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the
query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="display-the-news">
<h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views
that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at
<em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_model&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url_helper&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we
created earlier. First, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> method: it calls the
constructor of its parent class (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code>) and loads the model,
so it can be used in all other methods in this controller.
It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a>
functions, because we’ll use one of them in a view later.</p>
<p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific
news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s
method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the
news item to be returned.</p>
<p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but
nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to
the views.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News archive&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a
variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code>
element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a
view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em>
and add the next piece of code.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;main&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>View article<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we
wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template
language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Template
Parser</span></a> class or a third party parser.</p>
<p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual
news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such
way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to
add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> with the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></code> method without a parameter, the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item.
The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at
<em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra
route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file
(<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows.
This makes sure the requests reaches the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of
going directly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s
with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and
watch your news page.</p>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="static-pages">
<h1>Static pages<a class="headerlink" href="#static-pages" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> This tutorial assumes you’ve downloaded CodeIgniter and
<a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><span class="doc">installed the framework</span></a> in your
development environment.</p>
<p>The first thing you’re going to do is set up a <strong>controller</strong> to handle
static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work.
It is the glue of your web application.</p>
<p>For example, when a call is made to:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/news/latest/10">http://example.com/news/latest/10</a></div></blockquote>
<p>We might imagine that there is a controller named “news”. The method
being called on news would be “latest”. The news method’s job could be to
grab 10 news items, and render them on the page. Very often in MVC,
you’ll see URL patterns that match:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments</a>]</div></blockquote>
<p>As URL schemes become more complex, this may change. But for now, this
is all we will need to know.</p>
<p>Create a file at <em>application/controllers/Pages.php</em> with the following
code.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Pages</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You have created a class named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code>, with a view method that accepts
one argument named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$page</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class is extending the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code> class. This means that the new pages class can access the
methods and variables defined in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code> class
(<em>system/core/Controller.php</em>).</p>
<p>The <strong>controller is what will become the center of every request</strong> to
your web application. In very technical CodeIgniter discussions, it may
be referred to as the <em>super object</em>. Like any php class, you refer to
it within your controllers as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>. Referring to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> is how
you will load libraries, views, and generally command the framework.</p>
<p>Now you’ve created your first method, it’s time to make some basic page
templates. We will be creating two “views” (page templates) that act as
our page footer and header.</p>
<p>Create the header at <em>application/views/templates/header.php</em> and add
the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">CodeIgniter</span> <span class="nx">Tutorial</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The header contains the basic HTML code that you’ll want to display
before loading the main view, together with a heading. It will also
output the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable, which we’ll define later in the controller.
Now, create a footer at <em>application/views/templates/footer.php</em> that
includes the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;&amp;</span><span class="nb">copy</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="mi">2015</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-logic-to-the-controller">
<h2>Adding logic to the controller<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-logic-to-the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Earlier you set up a controller with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method. The method
accepts one parameter, which is the name of the page to be loaded. The
static page templates will be located in the <em>application/views/pages/</em>
directory.</p>
<p>In that directory, create two files named <em>home.php</em> and <em>about.php</em>.
Within those files, type some text − anything you’d like − and save them.
If you like to be particularly un-original, try “Hello World!”.</p>
<p>In order to load those pages, you’ll have to check whether the requested
page actually exists:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">file_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;views/pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;.php&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Whoops, we don&#39;t have a page for that!</span>
<span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ucfirst</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Capitalize the first letter</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now, when the page does exist, it is loaded, including the header and
footer, and displayed to the user. If the page doesn’t exist, a “404
Page not found” error is shown.</p>
<p>The first line in this method checks whether the page actually exists.
PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_exists()</span></code> function is used to check whether the file
is where it’s expected to be. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> is a built-in CodeIgniter
function that renders the default error page.</p>
<p>In the header template, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable was used to customize the
page title. The value of title is defined in this method, but instead of
assigning the value to a variable, it is assigned to the title element
in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array.</p>
<p>The last thing that has to be done is loading the views in the order
they should be displayed. The second parameter in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method is
used to pass values to the view. Each value in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array is
assigned to a variable with the name of its key. So the value of
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code> in the controller is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> in the
view.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The controller is now functioning! Point your browser to
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[your-site-url]index.php/pages/view</span></code> to see your page. When you visit
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/pages/view/about</span></code> you’ll see the about page, again including
the header and footer.</p>
<p>Using custom routing rules, you have the power to map any URI to any
controller and method, and break free from the normal convention:
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments]</span></code></p>
<p>Let’s do that. Open the routing file located at
<em>application/config/routes.php</em> and add the following two lines.
Remove all other code that sets any element in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> array.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the
request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression
(left-side) mapped to a controller and method name separated by slashes
(right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first
match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with
arguments.</p>
<p>More information about routing can be found in the URI Routing
<a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">documentation</span></a>.</p>
<p>Here, the second rule in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> array matches <strong>any</strong> request
using the wildcard string <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(:any)</span></code>. and passes the parameter to the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class.</p>
<p>Now visit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/about</span></code>. Did it get routed correctly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code>
method in the pages controller? Awesome!</p>
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