658 lines
48 KiB
HTML
658 lines
48 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<title>Queries — CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title>
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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href="../genindex.html"/>
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<link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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<link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
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<link rel="next" title="Generating Query Results" href="results.html"/>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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</ul>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Running Queries</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="nav2">
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<a href="#" id="openToc">
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<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgAAZABkAAD/7AARRHVja3kAAQAEAAAARgAA/+4ADkFkb2JlAGTAAAAAAf/bAIQABAMDAwMDBAMDBAYEAwQGBwUEBAUHCAYGBwYGCAoICQkJCQgKCgwMDAwMCgwMDQ0MDBERERERFBQUFBQUFBQUFAEEBQUIBwgPCgoPFA4ODhQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQU/8AAEQgAKwCaAwERAAIRAQMRAf/EAHsAAQAABwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAwQFBgcIAgkBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAEDAwICBwYEAgsAAAAAAAIBAwQAEQUSBiEHkROTVNQWGDFBUVIUCHEiMtOUFWGBobHRQlMkZIRVEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwDSC+ygkOOaUoKigUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgUCgkuGguIP9FBMFb0Hqg7We+3jlmIqqYFf4ub+/QYlnOR/LqIBKGFUbf8qWv971BytQXXE7Y3Lnm3HsFhp2TaZJAdchRXpIgSpdEJWxJEW3xoKV7F5OMy7JkQn2o7D6w33XGjEAkoiqrJEqIiOIiKuhePCgqp22dyYyS3CyWHnQ5joG61HkRnmnTbaFSMhExRVQRRVJU9iUHjE7ez+fJ0MFipmUNhBV8YUd2SoIV9KkjQla9ltegttBdPLW4/qocL+UTfrMiHW4+P9M71shuyrqaHTcxsl7jegpsji8nh5ZwMvDfgTm0RTjSmjYdFCS6KoOIipdFunCgmNYTMv457MMY6U7iI6oMieDDhRm1VbIhuoOkbqtuK0Hpzb+eZcYZexUxt6UyUqK2cd0SdjtgrhOgijcgERUlJOCIl6CpgbP3blRI8XgMjNARAyKNDfeRBdFDBVUAXgQrqH4pxoJTu2NysY97LP4ac1io5q1InHFeGO24LnVKJuKOkSQ/yKir+rh7aCLG1dzypZQI2FnvTgccYOM3FeN0XWERXAUEFVQgQkUktdLpegm+Td3/Xli/L+S/mYNJIOF9G/wBeLKrZHFb0akG6W1WtQWSg3Dyg5e7V3fipE3O4/wCrktyzYA+ufas2LbZIlmnAT2kvuoN1wft95augilglX/tzP3qCu9O3LL/wV/i5v79BvmTADq14UGu91467Z6U9y0HzH/ncj/U/sT/CgynZG7I2NezpZGUjIycJkYkZSG+uQ81pbBNKLxJfjwoMqZ3/ALYHl35AJ7/cuwHcu5k7r1Q5pHetBjquqVVJWGxj9Zrtcl/Ggy3dHMvauR3HFZj5nHNxSyW5JISYDMoIwx8tFIGHZhPNaykGapr6rUAiicEoMG21lMRj8buPAz8xhJrr7uOeiPTCyAwXUaGR1mgozbTusOsFLEiJ7fbQa/h7gcjy2H3V6xppwDNtUSxCJIqp7valBuWVzJ22xuCROXNNZiJkMtms0DbjUkAZjzoDrTMd9dDRI44ZC2YsrYdKWP2WDT2S3N9dNdlRYrGMYc06IURXSYb0igrpWS485xVNS6nF4rwslkoMwnbpgZLB7bmt5uMweAhDEl4B5uSLzzqTnnyVpW2jaJHRMSIjdDiiotvy3DOE5rYTEbkl5yFn28k7JyG4c7AU2HtLH1uKfaiMPI40CdYbpNtmLdwTSn5rewLNld+7TLdeal4WarWBkbVKBjgdElMJJwAAY5fl4kB3b1fp4XvagsGS3FjJfLzDNtS8aeXx7LzT7TyzByQE5PccRGRC0ZRUDRV6y62vbjagzLmJzS2vuPK43JY6aP1TW6Jz+RIWyFtyC06y3EkiiinAo7YCqfq1AqqnGgsOH3lhZO8d1pmcpB8j5XIm9OYlBJSQ/FSS4427DKO0RC8AlcEMhFdViRR1WDWR5t3WXVuL1d106kG9vdeye2g60+1FDyW0shIcXVpyroXt8I8dfd+NB1vioAdWnD3UF1+gD4UFc6CEKpagxXN43rwJLUHz7yX2c8zokt9uHlsPIhA4aRnnHJTLptIS6CNsY7iASpxUUMkReGpfbQW0vtN5pitvrsN28rwtBD0nc0+/Yft5XhaB6TuaXfsP28rwtA9J3NPv2H7eV4Wgek7mn37D9vK8LQPSdzT79h+3leFoHpO5pd+w/byvC0D0nc0u/Yft5XhaB6TuaXfsP28rwtA9J3NLv2H7eV4Wgek7ml37D9vK8LQPSdzS79h+3leFoHpO5p9+w/byvC0E9r7Reazy2HIYVPxkS/CUHVn26cosxyv2g7h89LYmZSXOenvLEQ1YaQ222RATcQCP8rSGqqA8S02W2pQ6FhMoAIlqCtsnwoCpdKClejI4i3Sgtb+GBxVuNBSFt1pV/RQefLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8uM/JQPLjPyUDy4z8lA8utJ/koJ7WCbBU/LQXOPAFq1koK8B0pag90CggtBBf6qB0UDooHRQOigdFA6KB0UDooHRQOigdFA6KB0UDooI0EaBQf//Z" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
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<div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
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<nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
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<div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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<a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
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<div role="search">
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<form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
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<input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
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<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
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</form>
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<div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
|||
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</li>
|
|||
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</ul>
|
|||
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<ul>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
|
|||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
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<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="current">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Running Queries</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
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|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
|
|||
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<div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
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<ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
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<li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> »</li>
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<li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> »</li>
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<li>Queries</li>
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<li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
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<img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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</ul>
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<hr/>
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</div>
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<div role="main" class="document">
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="queries">
|
|||
|
|
<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="query-basics">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
|
|||
|
|
type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your
|
|||
|
|
results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
|
|||
|
|
returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
|
|||
|
|
data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
|
|||
|
|
this:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the
|
|||
|
|
$this->db->query() method. It DOES
|
|||
|
|
NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
|
|||
|
|
compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
|
|||
|
|
submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns.
|
|||
|
|
That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
|
|||
|
|
such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
|
|||
|
|
should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
|
|||
|
|
fetchable results.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY'</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Success!"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">else</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Query failed!"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always
|
|||
|
|
returns a resource on success, even for write type queries.
|
|||
|
|
So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
|
|||
|
|
a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
|
|||
|
|
the following:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically
|
|||
|
|
without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'newprefix_'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
|
|||
|
|
example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
|
|||
|
|
automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an
|
|||
|
|
identifier you can use:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="admonition important">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
|
|||
|
|
quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it
|
|||
|
|
is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
|
|||
|
|
with unsanitized user data.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
|
|||
|
|
have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
|
|||
|
|
prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
|
|||
|
|
it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
|
|||
|
|
this:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
|
|||
|
|
that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
|
|||
|
|
single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES("</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">")"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
|
|||
|
|
it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above
|
|||
|
|
function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES('"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"')"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when
|
|||
|
|
strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
|
|||
|
|
(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'20% raise'</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%"</span> <span class="o">.</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"%' ESCAPE '!'"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="admonition important">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
|
|||
|
|
to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
|
|||
|
|
method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
|
|||
|
|
yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
|
|||
|
|
put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
|
|||
|
|
values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
|
|||
|
|
automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to
|
|||
|
|
remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for
|
|||
|
|
you.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>$this->db->error();</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method
|
|||
|
|
will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick
|
|||
|
|
example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`'</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys 'code' and 'message'</span>
|
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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