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<div class="section" id="database-caching-class">
<h1>Database Caching Class<a class="headerlink" href="#database-caching-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The Database Caching Class permits you to cache your queries as text
files for reduced database load.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the database
driver when caching is enabled. Do NOT load this class manually.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Not all query result functions are available when you
use caching. Please read this page carefully.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="enabling-caching">
<h2>Enabling Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-caching" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Caching is enabled in three steps:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Create a writable directory on your server where the cache files can
be stored.</li>
<li>Set the path to your cache folder in your
application/config/database.php file.</li>
<li>Enable the caching feature, either globally by setting the preference
in your application/config/database.php file, or manually as
described below.</li>
</ul>
<p>Once enabled, caching will happen automatically whenever a page is
loaded that contains database queries.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-does-caching-work">
<h2>How Does Caching Work?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-caching-work" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniters query caching system happens dynamically when your pages
are viewed. When caching is enabled, the first time a web page is
loaded, the query result object will be serialized and stored in a text
file on your server. The next time the page is loaded the cache file
will be used instead of accessing your database. Your database usage can
effectively be reduced to zero for any pages that have been cached.</p>
<p>Only read-type (SELECT) queries can be cached, since these are the only
type of queries that produce a result. Write-type (INSERT, UPDATE, etc.)
queries, since they dont generate a result, will not be cached by the
system.</p>
<p>Cache files DO NOT expire. Any queries that have been cached will remain
cached until you delete them. The caching system permits you clear
caches associated with individual pages, or you can delete the entire
collection of cache files. Typically youll want to use the housekeeping
functions described below to delete cache files after certain events
take place, like when youve added new information to your database.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="will-caching-improve-your-site-s-performance">
<h2>Will Caching Improve Your Sites Performance?<a class="headerlink" href="#will-caching-improve-your-site-s-performance" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Getting a performance gain as a result of caching depends on many
factors. If you have a highly optimized database under very little load,
you probably wont see a performance boost. If your database is under
heavy use you probably will see an improved response, assuming your
file-system is not overly taxed. Remember that caching simply changes
how your information is retrieved, shifting it from being a database
operation to a file-system one.</p>
<p>In some clustered server environments, for example, caching may be
detrimental since file-system operations are so intense. On single
servers in shared environments, caching will probably be beneficial.
Unfortunately there is no single answer to the question of whether you
should cache your database. It really depends on your situation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-are-cache-files-stored">
<h2>How are Cache Files Stored?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-are-cache-files-stored" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter places the result of EACH query into its own cache file.
Sets of cache files are further organized into sub-folders corresponding
to your controller functions. To be precise, the sub-folders are named
identically to the first two segments of your URI (the controller class
name and function name).</p>
<p>For example, lets say you have a controller called blog with a function
called comments that contains three queries. The caching system will
create a cache folder called blog+comments, into which it will write
three cache files.</p>
<p>If you use dynamic queries that change based on information in your URI
(when using pagination, for example), each instance of the query will
produce its own cache file. Its possible, therefore, to end up with
many times more cache files than you have queries.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="managing-your-cache-files">
<h2>Managing your Cache Files<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-your-cache-files" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Since cache files do not expire, youll need to build deletion routines
into your application. For example, lets say you have a blog that
allows user commenting. Whenever a new comment is submitted youll want
to delete the cache files associated with the controller function that
serves up your comments. Youll find two delete functions described
below that help you clear data.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="not-all-database-functions-work-with-caching">
<h2>Not All Database Functions Work with Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#not-all-database-functions-work-with-caching" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Lastly, we need to point out that the result object that is cached is a
simplified version of the full result object. For that reason, some of
the query result functions are not available for use.</p>
<p>The following functions ARE NOT available when using a cached result
object:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>num_fields()</li>
<li>field_names()</li>
<li>field_data()</li>
<li>free_result()</li>
</ul>
<p>Also, the two database resources (result_id and conn_id) are not
available when caching, since result resources only pertain to run-time
operations.</p>
<div class="section" id="function-reference">
<h3>Function Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#function-reference" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-on-this-db-cache-off">
<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_on() / $this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_off()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-on-this-db-cache-off" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Manually enables/disables caching. This can be useful if you want to
keep certain queries from being cached. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Turn caching on</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_on</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Turn caching off for this one query</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_off</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM members WHERE member_id = &#39;</span><span class="si">$current_user</span><span class="s2">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Turn caching back on</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_on</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM another_table&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-delete">
<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_delete()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-delete" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Deletes the cache files associated with a particular page. This is
useful if you need to clear caching after you update your database.</p>
<p>The caching system saves your cache files to folders that correspond to
the URI of the page you are viewing. For example, if you are viewing a
page at example.com/index.php/blog/comments, the caching system will put
all cache files associated with it in a folder called blog+comments. To
delete those particular cache files you will use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comments&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you do not use any parameters the current URI will be used when
determining what should be cleared.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-delete-all">
<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_delete_all()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-delete-all" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Clears all existing cache files. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_delete_all</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="custom-function-calls">
<h1>Custom Function Calls<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-function-calls" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="this-db-call-function">
<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;call_function();<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-call-function" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This function enables you to call PHP database functions that are not
natively included in CodeIgniter, in a platform independent manner. For
example, lets say you want to call the mysql_get_client_info()
function, which is <strong>not</strong> natively supported by CodeIgniter. You could
do so like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">call_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;get_client_info&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You must supply the name of the function, <strong>without</strong> the mysql_
prefix, in the first parameter. The prefix is added automatically based
on which database driver is currently being used. This permits you to
run the same function on different database platforms. Obviously not all
function calls are identical between platforms, so there are limits to
how useful this function can be in terms of portability.</p>
<p>Any parameters needed by the function you are calling will be added to
the second parameter.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">call_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_function&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">etc</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Often, you will either need to supply a database connection ID or a
database result ID. The connection ID can be accessed using:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">conn_id</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The result ID can be accessed from within your result object, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SOME QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_id</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="database-configuration">
<h1>Database Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#database-configuration" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter has a config file that lets you store your database
connection values (username, password, database name, etc.). The config
file is located at application/config/database.php. You can also set
database connection values for specific
<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">environments</span></a> by placing <strong>database.php</strong>
in the respective environment config folder.</p>
<p>The config settings are stored in a multi-dimensional array with this
prototype:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Some database drivers (such as PDO, PostgreSQL, Oracle, ODBC) might
require a full DSN string to be provided. If that is the case, you
should use the dsn configuration setting, as if youre using the
drivers underlying native PHP extension, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// PDO</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pgsql:host=localhost;port=5432;dbname=database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Oracle</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;//localhost/XE&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you do not specify a DSN string for a driver that requires it, CodeIgniter
will try to build it with the rest of the provided settings.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you provide a DSN string and it is missing some valid settings (e.g. the
database character set), which are present in the rest of the configuration
fields, CodeIgniter will append them.</p>
</div>
<p>You can also specify failovers for the situation when the main connection cannot connect for some reason.
These failovers can be specified by setting the failover for a connection like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can specify as many failovers as you like.</p>
<p>The reason we use a multi-dimensional array rather than a more simple
one is to permit you to optionally store multiple sets of connection
values. If, for example, you run multiple environments (development,
production, test, etc.) under a single installation, you can set up a
connection group for each, then switch between groups as needed. For
example, to set up a “test” environment you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then, to globally tell the system to use that group you would set this
variable located in the config file:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$active_group</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The name test is arbitrary. It can be anything you want. By
default weve used the word “default” for the primary connection,
but it too can be renamed to something more relevant to your project.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-builder">
<h2>Query Builder<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder Class</span></a> is globally enabled or
disabled by setting the $query_builder variable in the database
configuration file to TRUE/FALSE (boolean). The default setting is TRUE.
If you are not using the
query builder class, setting it to FALSE will utilize fewer resources
when the database classes are initialized.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query_builder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">that some CodeIgniter classes such as Sessions require Query
Builder to be enabled to access certain functionality.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="explanation-of-values">
<h2>Explanation of Values:<a class="headerlink" href="#explanation-of-values" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="17%" />
<col width="83%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Name Config</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dsn</strong></td>
<td>The DSN connect string (an all-in-one configuration sequence).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>hostname</strong></td>
<td>The hostname of your database server. Often this is localhost.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>username</strong></td>
<td>The username used to connect to the database.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>password</strong></td>
<td>The password used to connect to the database.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>database</strong></td>
<td>The name of the database you want to connect to.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>dbdriver</strong></td>
<td>The database type. ie: mysqli, postgre, odbc, etc. Must be specified in lower case.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dbprefix</strong></td>
<td>An optional table prefix which will added to the table name when running
<a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> queries. This permits multiple CodeIgniter
installations to share one database.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>pconnect</strong></td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether to use a persistent connection.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>db_debug</strong></td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether database errors should be displayed.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>cache_on</strong></td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether database query caching is enabled,
see also <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="doc">Database Caching Class</span></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>cachedir</strong></td>
<td>The absolute server path to your database query cache directory.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>char_set</strong></td>
<td>The character set used in communicating with the database.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dbcollat</strong></td>
<td><p class="first">The character collation used in communicating with the database</p>
<div class="last admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Only used in the mysql and mysqli drivers.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>swap_pre</strong></td>
<td>A default table prefix that should be swapped with dbprefix. This is useful for distributed
applications where you might run manually written queries, and need the prefix to still be
customizable by the end user.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>schema</strong></td>
<td>The database schema, defaults to public. Used by PostgreSQL and ODBC drivers.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>encrypt</strong></td>
<td><p class="first">Whether or not to use an encrypted connection.</p>
<blockquote class="last">
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>mysql (deprecated), sqlsrv and pdo/sqlsrv drivers accept TRUE/FALSE</li>
<li>mysqli and pdo/mysql drivers accept an array with the following options:<ul>
<li>ssl_key - Path to the private key file</li>
<li>ssl_cert - Path to the public key certificate file</li>
<li>ssl_ca - Path to the certificate authority file</li>
<li>ssl_capath - Path to a directory containing trusted CA certificates in PEM format</li>
<li>ssl_cipher - List of <em>allowed</em> ciphers to be used for the encryption, separated by colons (:)</li>
<li>ssl_verify - TRUE/FALSE; Whether to verify the server certificate or not (mysqli only)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>compress</strong></td>
<td>Whether or not to use client compression (MySQL only).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>stricton</strong></td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether to force “Strict Mode” connections, good for ensuring strict SQL
while developing an application.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>port</strong></td>
<td><p class="first">The database port number. To use this value you have to add a line to the database config array.</p>
<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;port&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5432</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Depending on what database platform you are using (MySQL, PostgreSQL,
etc.) not all values will be needed. For example, when using SQLite you
will not need to supply a username or password, and the database name
will be the path to your database file. The information above assumes
you are using MySQL.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="connecting-to-your-database">
<h1>Connecting to your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>There are two ways to connect to a database:</p>
<div class="section" id="automatically-connecting">
<h2>Automatically Connecting<a class="headerlink" href="#automatically-connecting" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The “auto connect” feature will load and instantiate the database class
with every page load. To enable “auto connecting”, add the word database
to the library array, as indicated in the following file:</p>
<p>application/config/autoload.php</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="manually-connecting">
<h2>Manually Connecting<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-connecting" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If only some of your pages require database connectivity you can
manually connect to your database by adding this line of code in any
function where it is needed, or in your class constructor to make the
database available globally in that class.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the above function does <strong>not</strong> contain any information in the first
parameter it will connect to the group specified in your database config
file. For most people, this is the preferred method of use.</p>
<div class="section" id="available-parameters">
<h3>Available Parameters<a class="headerlink" href="#available-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The database connection values, passed either as an array or a DSN
string.</li>
<li>TRUE/FALSE (boolean). Whether to return the connection ID (see
Connecting to Multiple Databases below).</li>
<li>TRUE/FALSE (boolean). Whether to enable the Query Builder class. Set
to TRUE by default.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="manually-connecting-to-a-database">
<h3>Manually Connecting to a Database<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-connecting-to-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The first parameter of this function can <strong>optionally</strong> be used to
specify a particular database group from your config file, or you can
even submit connection values for a database that is not specified in
your config file. Examples:</p>
<p>To choose a specific group from your config file you can do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where group_name is the name of the connection group from your config
file.</p>
<p>To connect manually to a desired database you can pass an array of
values:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myusername&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydatabase&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For information on each of these values please see the <a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html"><span class="doc">configuration
page</span></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For the PDO driver, you should use the $config[dsn] setting
instead of hostname and database:</p>
<div class="last line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
<div class="line">$config[dsn] = mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase;</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Or you can submit your database values as a Data Source Name. DSNs must
have this prototype:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dsn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver://username:password@hostname/database&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dsn</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To override default config values when connecting with a DSN string, add
the config variables as a query string.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dsn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver://username:password@hostname/database?char_set=utf8&amp;dbcollat=utf8_general_ci&amp;cache_on=true&amp;cachedir=/path/to/cache&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dsn</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="connecting-to-multiple-databases">
<h2>Connecting to Multiple Databases<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-multiple-databases" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you need to connect to more than one database simultaneously you can
do so as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$DB1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$DB2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note: Change the words “group_one” and “group_two” to the specific
group names you are connecting to (or you can pass the connection values
as indicated above).</p>
<p>By setting the second parameter to TRUE (boolean) the function will
return the database object.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When you connect this way, you will use your object name to issue
commands rather than the syntax used throughout this guide. In other
words, rather than issuing commands with:</p>
<div class="last line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;query();</div>
<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;result();</div>
<div class="line">etc…</div>
<div class="line"><br /></div>
<div class="line">You will instead use:</div>
<div class="line"><br /></div>
<div class="line">$DB1-&gt;query();</div>
<div class="line">$DB1-&gt;result();</div>
<div class="line">etc…</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>You dont need to create separate database configurations if you
only need to use a different database on the same connection. You
can switch to a different database when you need to, like this:</p>
<div class="last line-block">
<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;db_select($database2_name);</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reconnecting-keeping-the-connection-alive">
<h2>Reconnecting / Keeping the Connection Alive<a class="headerlink" href="#reconnecting-keeping-the-connection-alive" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If the database servers idle timeout is exceeded while youre doing
some heavy PHP lifting (processing an image, for instance), you should
consider pinging the server by using the reconnect() method before
sending further queries, which can gracefully keep the connection alive
or re-establish it.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">reconnect</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="manually-closing-the-connection">
<h2>Manually closing the Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-closing-the-connection" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>While CodeIgniter intelligently takes care of closing your database
connections, you can explicitly close the connection.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="database-quick-start-example-code">
<h1>Database Quick Start: Example Code<a class="headerlink" href="#database-quick-start-example-code" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The following page contains example code showing how the database class
is used. For complete details please read the individual pages
describing each function.</p>
<div class="section" id="initializing-the-database-class">
<h2>Initializing the Database Class<a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-database-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following code loads and initializes the database class based on
your <a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html"><span class="doc">configuration</span></a> settings:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once loaded the class is ready to be used as described below.</p>
<p>Note: If all your pages require database access you can connect
automatically. See the <a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html"><span class="doc">connecting</span></a> page for details.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-multiple-results-object-version">
<h2>Standard Query With Multiple Results (Object Version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-multiple-results-object-version" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name, title, email FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Total Results: &#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">num_rows</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above result() function returns an array of <strong>objects</strong>. Example:
$row-&gt;title</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-multiple-results-array-version">
<h2>Standard Query With Multiple Results (Array Version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-multiple-results-array-version" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name, title, email FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above result_array() function returns an array of standard array
indexes. Example: $row[title]</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-single-result">
<h2>Standard Query With Single Result<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-single-result" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name FROM my_table LIMIT 1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above row() function returns an <strong>object</strong>. Example: $row-&gt;name</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-single-result-array-version">
<h2>Standard Query With Single Result (Array version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-single-result-array-version" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name FROM my_table LIMIT 1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above row_array() function returns an <strong>array</strong>. Example:
$row[name]</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-insert">
<h2>Standard Insert<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-insert" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO mytable (title, name) VALUES (&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">affected_rows</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-builder-query">
<h2>Query Builder Query<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-query" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder Pattern</span></a> gives you a simplified
means of retrieving data:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above get() function retrieves all the results from the supplied
table. The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> class contains a full
compliment of functions for working with data.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-builder-insert">
<h2>Query Builder Insert<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-insert" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$date</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES (&#39;{$title}&#39;, &#39;{$name}&#39;, &#39;{$date}&#39;)</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="query-helper-methods">
<h1>Query Helper Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#query-helper-methods" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="information-from-executing-a-query">
<h2>Information From Executing a Query<a class="headerlink" href="#information-from-executing-a-query" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_id()</strong></p>
<p>The insert ID number when performing database inserts.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If using the PDO driver with PostgreSQL, or using the Interbase
driver, this function requires a $name parameter, which specifies the
appropriate sequence to check for the insert id.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;affected_rows()</strong></p>
<p>Displays the number of affected rows, when doing “write” type queries
(insert, update, etc.).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">In MySQL “DELETE FROM TABLE” returns 0 affected rows. The database
class has a small hack that allows it to return the correct number of
affected rows. By default this hack is enabled but it can be turned off
in the database driver file.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;last_query()</strong></p>
<p>Returns the last query that was run (the query string, not the result).
Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_query</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT * FROM sometable....</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Disabling the <strong>save_queries</strong> setting in your database
configuration will render this function useless.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="information-about-your-database">
<h2>Information About Your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#information-about-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;count_all()</strong></p>
<p>Permits you to determine the number of rows in a particular table.
Submit the table name in the first parameter. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Produces an integer, like 25</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;platform()</strong></p>
<p>Outputs the database platform you are running (MySQL, MS SQL, Postgres,
etc…):</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">platform</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;version()</strong></p>
<p>Outputs the database version you are running:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">version</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="making-your-queries-easier">
<h2>Making Your Queries Easier<a class="headerlink" href="#making-your-queries-easier" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_string()</strong></p>
<p>This function simplifies the process of writing database inserts. It
returns a correctly formatted SQL insert string. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is an associative
array with the data to be inserted. The above example produces:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">INSERT</span> <span class="nx">INTO</span> <span class="nx">table_name</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">url</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rick@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Values are automatically escaped, producing safer queries.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;update_string()</strong></p>
<p>This function simplifies the process of writing database updates. It
returns a correctly formatted SQL update string. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$where</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;author_id = 1 AND status = &#39;active&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$where</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is an associative
array with the data to be updated, and the third parameter is the
“where” clause. The above example produces:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">UPDATE</span> <span class="nx">table_name</span> <span class="nx">SET</span> <span class="nx">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rick@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;example.com&#39;</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">author_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;active&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Values are automatically escaped, producing safer queries.</p>
</div>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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<h1>Database Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#database-reference" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter comes with a full-featured and very fast abstracted database
class that supports both traditional structures and Query Builder
patterns. The database functions offer clear, simple syntax.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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<h1>Database Metadata<a class="headerlink" href="#database-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
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<h2>Table MetaData<a class="headerlink" href="#table-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>These functions let you fetch table information.</p>
<div class="section" id="list-the-tables-in-your-database">
<h3>List the Tables in Your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#list-the-tables-in-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;list_tables();</strong></p>
<p>Returns an array containing the names of all the tables in the database
you are currently connected to. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$tables</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_tables</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$tables</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$table</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$table</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-table-exists">
<h3>Determine If a Table Exists<a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-table-exists" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;table_exists();</strong></p>
<p>Sometimes its helpful to know whether a particular table exists before
running an operation on it. Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// some code...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Replace <em>table_name</em> with the name of the table you are looking for.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="field-metadata">
<h2>Field MetaData<a class="headerlink" href="#field-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="list-the-fields-in-a-table">
<h3>List the Fields in a Table<a class="headerlink" href="#list-the-fields-in-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;list_fields()</strong></p>
<p>Returns an array containing the field names. This query can be called
two ways:</p>
<p>1. You can supply the table name and call it from the $this-&gt;db-&gt;
object:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>2. You can gather the field names associated with any query you run by
calling the function from your query result object:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM some_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_fields</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-field-is-present-in-a-table">
<h3>Determine If a Field is Present in a Table<a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-field-is-present-in-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;field_exists()</strong></p>
<p>Sometimes its helpful to know whether a particular field exists before
performing an action. Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// some code...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Replace <em>field_name</em> with the name of the column you are looking
for, and replace <em>table_name</em> with the name of the table you are
looking for.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="retrieve-field-metadata">
<h3>Retrieve Field Metadata<a class="headerlink" href="#retrieve-field-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;field_data()</strong></p>
<p>Returns an array of objects containing field information.</p>
<p>Sometimes its helpful to gather the field names or other metadata, like
the column type, max length, etc.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Not all databases provide meta-data.</p>
</div>
<p>Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">type</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">max_length</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">primary_key</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you have run a query already you can use the result object instead of
supplying the table name:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_data</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The following data is available from this function if supported by your
database:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>name - column name</li>
<li>max_length - maximum length of the column</li>
<li>primary_key - 1 if the column is a primary key</li>
<li>type - the type of the column</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="queries">
<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="query-basics">
<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your
results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the
$this-&gt;db-&gt;query() method. It DOES
NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
<p>It returns whatever the database drivers “execute” function returns.
That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
fetchable results.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Success!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Query failed!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">PostgreSQLs <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always
returns a resource on success, even for write type queries.
So take that in mind if youre looking for a boolean value.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically
without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newprefix_&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an
identifier you can use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it
is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
with unsanitized user data.</p>
</div>
<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Its a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
this:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
single quotes around the data so you dont have to:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
it, regardless of type. Most of the time youll use the above
function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&#39;&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when
strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
(%, _) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20% raise&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE &#39;%&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ! (exclamation mark)
to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
condition for you, and so youll have to manually do that.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You dont have to
remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for
you.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;error();</strong></p>
<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method
will return an array containing its code and message. Heres a quick
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys &#39;code&#39; and &#39;message&#39;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="transactions">
<h1>Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#transactions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniters database abstraction allows you to use transactions with
databases that support transaction-safe table types. In MySQL, youll
need to be running InnoDB or BDB table types rather than the more common
MyISAM. Most other database platforms support transactions natively.</p>
<p>If you are not familiar with transactions we recommend you find a good
online resource to learn about them for your particular database. The
information below assumes you have a basic understanding of
transactions.</p>
<div class="section" id="codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions">
<h2>CodeIgniters Approach to Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter utilizes an approach to transactions that is very similar to
the process used by the popular database class ADODB. Weve chosen that
approach because it greatly simplifies the process of running
transactions. In most cases all that is required are two lines of code.</p>
<p>Traditionally, transactions have required a fair amount of work to
implement since they demand that you keep track of your queries and
determine whether to commit or rollback based on the success or failure
of your queries. This is particularly cumbersome with nested queries. In
contrast, weve implemented a smart transaction system that does all
this for you automatically (you can also manage your transactions
manually if you choose to, but theres really no benefit).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-transactions">
<h2>Running Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To run your queries using transactions you will use the
$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() and $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_complete() functions as
follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can run as many queries as you want between the start/complete
functions and they will all be committed or rolled back based on success
or failure of any given query.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="strict-mode">
<h2>Strict Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#strict-mode" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>By default CodeIgniter runs all transactions in Strict Mode. When strict
mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of transactions, if
one group fails all groups will be rolled back. If strict mode is
disabled, each group is treated independently, meaning a failure of one
group will not affect any others.</p>
<p>Strict Mode can be disabled as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_strict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="managing-errors">
<h2>Managing Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-errors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you have error reporting enabled in your config/database.php file
youll see a standard error message if the commit was unsuccessful. If
debugging is turned off, you can manage your own errors like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// generate an error... or use the log_message() function to log your error</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="disabling-transactions">
<h2>Disabling Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#disabling-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you would like to disable transactions you can do so using
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_off()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_off</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When transactions are disabled, your queries will be auto-committed, just as
they are when running queries without transactions, practically ignoring
any calls to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_start()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_complete()</span></code>, etc.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="test-mode">
<h2>Test Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#test-mode" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>You can optionally put the transaction system into “test mode”, which
will cause your queries to be rolled back even if the queries produce
a valid result. To use test mode simply set the first parameter in the
$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() function to TRUE:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Query will be rolled back</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-transactions-manually">
<h2>Running Transactions Manually<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions-manually" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you would like to run transactions manually you can do so as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_rollback</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_commit</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Make sure to use $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_begin() when running manual
transactions, <strong>NOT</strong> $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start().</p>
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<div class="section" id="database-utility-class">
<h1>Database Utility Class<a class="headerlink" href="#database-utility-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The Database Utility Class contains methods that help you manage your
database.</p>
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-utility-class" id="id1">Initializing the Utility Class</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-database-utilities" id="id2">Using the Database Utilities</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#retrieve-list-of-database-names" id="id3">Retrieve list of database names</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#determine-if-a-database-exists" id="id4">Determine If a Database Exists</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optimize-a-table" id="id5">Optimize a Table</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#repair-a-table" id="id6">Repair a Table</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optimize-a-database" id="id7">Optimize a Database</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file" id="id8">Export a Query Result as a CSV File</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document" id="id9">Export a Query Result as an XML Document</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#backup-your-database" id="id10">Backup Your Database</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-backup-notes" id="id11">Database Backup Notes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-example" id="id12">Usage Example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-backup-preferences" id="id13">Setting Backup Preferences</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description-of-backup-preferences" id="id14">Description of Backup Preferences</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id15">Class Reference</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="initializing-the-utility-class">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Initializing the Utility Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-utility-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">In order to initialize the Utility class, your database
driver must already be running, since the utilities class relies on it.</p>
</div>
<p>Load the Utility Class as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also pass another database object to the DB Utility loader, in case
the database you want to manage isnt the default one:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">myutil</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">other_db</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, were passing a custom database object as the first
parameter and then tell it to return the dbutil object, instead of
assigning it directly to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbutil</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Both of the parameters can be used individually, just pass an empty
value as the first one if you wish to skip it.</p>
</div>
<p>Once initialized you will access the methods using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbutil</span></code>
object:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-the-database-utilities">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Using the Database Utilities</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-database-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="retrieve-list-of-database-names">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Retrieve list of database names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#retrieve-list-of-database-names" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Returns an array of database names:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dbs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_databases</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dbs</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-database-exists">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Determine If a Database Exists</a><a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-database-exists" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Sometimes its helpful to know whether a particular database exists.
Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// some code...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Replace <em>database_name</em> with the name of the database you are
looking for. This method is case sensitive.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="optimize-a-table">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Optimize a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#optimize-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to optimize a table using the table name specified in the
first parameter. Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">optimize_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Success!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Not all database platforms support table optimization. It is
mostly for use with MySQL.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="repair-a-table">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Repair a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#repair-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to repair a table using the table name specified in the
first parameter. Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">repair_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Success!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Not all database platforms support table repairs.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="optimize-a-database">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Optimize a Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#optimize-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to optimize the database your DB class is currently
connected to. Returns an array containing the DB status messages or
FALSE on failure.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">optimize_database</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$result</span> <span class="o">!==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$result</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Not all database platforms support database optimization. It
it is mostly for use with MySQL.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Export a Query Result as a CSV File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to generate a CSV file from a query result. The first
parameter of the method must contain the result object from your
query. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">csv_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The second, third, and fourth parameters allow you to set the delimiter
newline, and enclosure characters respectively. By default commas are
used as the delimiter, “n” is used as a new line, and a double-quote
is used as the enclosure. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$delimiter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$newline</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$enclosure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">csv_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$delimiter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$newline</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$enclosure</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">This method will NOT write the CSV file for you. It
simply creates the CSV layout. If you need to write the file
use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Export a Query Result as an XML Document</a><a class="headerlink" href="#export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to generate an XML file from a query result. The first
parameter expects a query result object, the second may contain an
optional array of config parameters. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;element&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;element&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;newline&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;tab&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xml_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">This method will NOT write the XML file for you. It
simply creates the XML layout. If you need to write the file
use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="backup-your-database">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Backup Your Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#backup-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="database-backup-notes">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Database Backup Notes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-backup-notes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Permits you to backup your full database or individual tables. The
backup data can be compressed in either Zip or Gzip format.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This feature is only available for MySQL and Interbase/Firebird databases.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For Interbase/Firebird databases, the backup file name is the only parameter.</p>
<p class="last">$this-&gt;dbutil-&gt;backup(db_backup_filename);</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Due to the limited execution time and memory available to PHP,
backing up very large databases may not be possible. If your database is
very large you might need to backup directly from your SQL server via
the command line, or have your server admin do it for you if you do not
have root privileges.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="usage-example">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Usage Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-example" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Load the DB utility class</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Backup your entire database and assign it to a variable</span>
<span class="nv">$backup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">backup</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Load the file helper and write the file to your server</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">write_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/mybackup.gz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$backup</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Load the download helper and send the file to your desktop</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;download&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">force_download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mybackup.gz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$backup</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-backup-preferences">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Setting Backup Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-backup-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Backup preferences are set by submitting an array of values to the first
parameter of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">backup()</span></code> method. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;tables&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c1">// Array of tables to backup.</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;ignore&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="c1">// List of tables to omit from the backup</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;format&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;txt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// gzip, zip, txt</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mybackup.sql&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// File name - NEEDED ONLY WITH ZIP FILES</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;add_drop&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// Whether to add DROP TABLE statements to backup file</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;add_insert&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// Whether to add INSERT data to backup file</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;newline&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="c1">// Newline character used in backup file</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">backup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="description-of-backup-preferences">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Description of Backup Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#description-of-backup-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="16%" />
<col width="16%" />
<col width="16%" />
<col width="51%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
<th class="head">Default Value</th>
<th class="head">Options</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>tables</strong></td>
<td>empty array</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>An array of tables you want backed up. If left blank all tables will be
exported.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>ignore</strong></td>
<td>empty array</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>An array of tables you want the backup routine to ignore.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>format</strong></td>
<td>gzip</td>
<td>gzip, zip, txt</td>
<td>The file format of the export file.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>filename</strong></td>
<td>the current date/time</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>The name of the backed-up file. The name is needed only if you are using
zip compression.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>add_drop</strong></td>
<td>TRUE</td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
<td>Whether to include DROP TABLE statements in your SQL export file.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>add_insert</strong></td>
<td>TRUE</td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
<td>Whether to include INSERT statements in your SQL export file.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>newline</strong></td>
<td>“\n”</td>
<td>“\n”, “\r”, “\r\n”</td>
<td>Type of newline to use in your SQL export file.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>foreign_key_checks</strong></td>
<td>TRUE</td>
<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
<td>Whether output should keep foreign key checks enabled.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="class-reference">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_utility</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::backup">
<code class="descname">backup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$params = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::backup" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) An associative array of options</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">raw/(g)zipped SQL query string</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Perform a database backup, per user preferences.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::database_exists">
<code class="descname">database_exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$database_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::database_exists" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$database_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) Database name</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the database exists, FALSE otherwise</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Check for the existence of a database.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::list_databases">
<code class="descname">list_databases</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::list_databases" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of database names found</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Retrieve a list of all the database names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::optimize_database">
<code class="descname">optimize_database</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::optimize_database" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of optimization messages or FALSE on failure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Optimizes the database.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::optimize_table">
<code class="descname">optimize_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::optimize_table" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) Name of the table to optimize</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of optimization messages or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Optimizes a database table.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::repair_table">
<code class="descname">repair_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::repair_table" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) Name of the table to repair</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of repair messages or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Repairs a database table.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::csv_from_result">
<code class="descname">csv_from_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$query</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$delim = '</em>, <em>'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$newline = &quot;n&quot;</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$enclosure = '&quot;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::csv_from_result" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$query</strong> (<em>object</em>) A database result object</li>
<li><strong>$delim</strong> (<em>string</em>) The CSV field delimiter to use</li>
<li><strong>$newline</strong> (<em>string</em>) The newline character to use</li>
<li><strong>$enclosure</strong> (<em>string</em>) The enclosure delimiter to use</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The generated CSV file as a string</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Translates a database result object into a CSV document.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="CI_DB_utility::xml_from_result">
<code class="descname">xml_from_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$query</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::xml_from_result" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$query</strong> (<em>object</em>) A database result object</li>
<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) An associative array of preferences</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The generated XML document as a string</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Translates a database result object into an XML document.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
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