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<div class="section" id="alternate-php-syntax-for-view-files">
<h1>Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files<a class="headerlink" href="#alternate-php-syntax-for-view-files" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>If you do not utilize CodeIgniters <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">template
engine</span></a>, youll be using pure PHP in your
View files. To minimize the PHP code in these files, and to make it
easier to identify the code blocks it is recommended that you use PHPs
alternative syntax for control structures and short tag echo statements.
If you are not familiar with this syntax, it allows you to eliminate the
braces from your code, and eliminate “echo” statements.</p>
<div class="section" id="automatic-short-tag-support">
<h2>Automatic Short Tag Support<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-short-tag-support" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you find that the syntax described in this page does not
work on your server it might be that “short tags” are disabled in your
PHP ini file. CodeIgniter will optionally rewrite short tags on-the-fly,
allowing you to use that syntax even if your server doesnt support it.
This feature can be enabled in your <em>config/config.php</em> file.</p>
</div>
<p>Please note that if you do use this feature, if PHP errors are
encountered in your <strong>view files</strong>, the error message and line number
will not be accurately shown. Instead, all errors will be shown as
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code> errors.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="alternative-echos">
<h2>Alternative Echos<a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-echos" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Normally to echo, or print out a variable you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$variable</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With the alternative syntax you can instead do it this way:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?=</span><span class="nv">$variable</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="alternative-control-structures">
<h2>Alternative Control Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-control-structures" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Controls structures, like if, for, foreach, and while can be written in
a simplified format as well. Here is an example using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foreach</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$todo</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$item</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Notice that there are no braces. Instead, the end brace is replaced with
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endforeach</span></code>. Each of the control structures listed above has a similar
closing syntax: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endif</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endfor</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endforeach</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endwhile</span></code></p>
<p>Also notice that instead of using a semicolon after each structure
(except the last one), there is a colon. This is important!</p>
<p>Here is another example, using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">elseif</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></code>. Notice the colons:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sally&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi Sally<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;joe&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi Joe<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi unknown user<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endif</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="creating-ancillary-classes">
<h1>Creating Ancillary Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-ancillary-classes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>In some cases you may want to develop classes that exist apart from your
controllers but have the ability to utilize all of CodeIgniters
resources. This is easily possible as youll see.</p>
<div class="section" id="get-instance">
<h2>get_instance()<a class="headerlink" href="#get-instance" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="get_instance">
<code class="descname">get_instance</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_instance" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Reference to your controllers instance</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Controller</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Any class that you instantiate within your controller methods can
access CodeIgniters native resources</strong> simply by using the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> function. This function returns the main
CodeIgniter object.</p>
<p>Normally, to call any of the available methods, CodeIgniter requires
you to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> construct:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>, however, only works within your controllers, your models,
or your views. If you would like to use CodeIgniters classes from
within your own custom classes you can do so as follows:</p>
<p>First, assign the CodeIgniter object to a variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once youve assigned the object to a variable, youll use that variable
<em>instead</em> of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If youll be using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> inside another class, then it would
be better if you assign it to a property. This way, you wont need to call
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> in every single method.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// We&#39;ll use a constructor, as you can&#39;t directly call a function</span>
<span class="c1">// from a property definition.</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Assign the CodeIgniter super-object</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, both methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bar()</span></code> will work
after you instantiate the Example class, without the need to call
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> in each of them.</p>
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<div class="section" id="web-page-caching">
<h1>Web Page Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#web-page-caching" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter lets you cache your pages in order to achieve maximum
performance.</p>
<p>Although CodeIgniter is quite fast, the amount of dynamic information
you display in your pages will correlate directly to the server
resources, memory, and processing cycles utilized, which affect your
page load speeds. By caching your pages, since they are saved in their
fully rendered state, you can achieve performance that nears that of
static web pages.</p>
<div class="section" id="how-does-caching-work">
<h2>How Does Caching Work?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-caching-work" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Caching can be enabled on a per-page basis, and you can set the length
of time that a page should remain cached before being refreshed. When a
page is loaded for the first time, the cache file will be written to
your application/cache folder. On subsequent page loads the cache file
will be retrieved and sent to the requesting users browser. If it has
expired, it will be deleted and refreshed before being sent to the
browser.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="enabling-caching">
<h2>Enabling Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-caching" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To enable caching, put the following tag in any of your controller
methods:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$n</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$n</span></code> is the number of <strong>minutes</strong> you wish the page to remain
cached between refreshes.</p>
<p>The above tag can go anywhere within a method. It is not affected by
the order that it appears, so place it wherever it seems most logical to
you. Once the tag is in place, your pages will begin being cached.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Because of the way CodeIgniter stores content for output,
caching will only work if you are generating display for your
controller with a <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">view</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">If you change configuration options that might affect
your output, you have to manually delete your cache files.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Before the cache files can be written you must set the file
permissions on your <em>application/cache/</em> directory such that
it is writable.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="deleting-caches">
<h2>Deleting Caches<a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-caches" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you no longer wish to cache a file you can remove the caching tag and
it will no longer be refreshed when it expires.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Removing the tag will not delete the cache immediately. It will
have to expire normally.</p>
</div>
<p>If you need to manually delete the cache, you can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_cache()</span></code>
method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Deletes cache for the currently requested URI</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Deletes cache for /foo/bar</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/foo/bar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<div class="section" id="running-via-the-cli">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Running via the CLI</a><a class="headerlink" href="#running-via-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>As well as calling an applications <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a>
via the URL in a browser they can also be loaded via the command-line
interface (CLI).</p>
<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-via-the-cli" id="id1">Running via the CLI</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-the-cli" id="id2">What is the CLI?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-run-via-the-command-line" id="id3">Why run via the command-line?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id4">Lets try it: Hello World!</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id5">Thats it!</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-is-the-cli">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is the CLI?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The command-line interface is a text-based method of interacting with
computers. For more information, check the <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface">Wikipedia
article</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="why-run-via-the-command-line">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Why run via the command-line?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#why-run-via-the-command-line" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>There are many reasons for running CodeIgniter from the command-line,
but they are not always obvious.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Run your cron-jobs without needing to use <em>wget</em> or <em>curl</em></li>
<li>Make your cron-jobs inaccessible from being loaded in the URL by
checking the return value of <a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_cli" title="is_cli"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>Make interactive “tasks” that can do things like set permissions,
prune cache folders, run backups, etc.</li>
<li>Integrate with other applications in other languages. For example, a
random C++ script could call one command and run code in your models!</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Lets try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Lets create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
text editor, create a file called Tools.php, and put the following code
in it:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Tools</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$to</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;World&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nv">$to</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">!&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">PHP_EOL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> folder.</p>
<p>Now normally you would visit the site using a URL similar to this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">tools</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">to</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Instead, we are going to open the terminal in Mac/Linux or go to Run &gt; “cmd”
in Windows and navigate to our CodeIgniter project.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> /path/to/project<span class="p">;</span>
$ php index.php tools message
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you did it right, you should see <em>Hello World!</em> printed.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ php index.php tools message <span class="s2">&quot;John Smith&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here we are passing it an argument in the same way that URL parameters
work. “John Smith” is passed as an argument and the output is:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">John</span> <span class="nx">Smith</span><span class="o">!</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="that-s-it">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Thats it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers on the
command line. Remember that this is just a normal controller, so routing
and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> works fine.</p>
</div>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<div class="section" id="common-functions">
<h1>Common Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#common-functions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter uses a few functions for its operation that are globally
defined, and are available to you at any point. These do not require
loading any libraries or helpers.</p>
<div class="custom-index container"></div><dl class="function">
<dt id="is_php">
<code class="descname">is_php</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_php" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$version</strong> (<em>string</em>) Version number</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the running PHP version is at least the one specified or FALSE if not</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Determines if the PHP version being used is greater than the
supplied version number.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">is_php</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;5.3&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">quoted_printable_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Returns boolean TRUE if the installed version of PHP is equal to or
greater than the supplied version number. Returns FALSE if the installed
version of PHP is lower than the supplied version number.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="is_really_writable">
<code class="descname">is_really_writable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$file</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_really_writable" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) File path</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the path is writable, FALSE if not</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_writable()</span></code> returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really cant
write to the file as the OS reports to PHP as FALSE only if the
read-only attribute is marked.</p>
<p>This function determines if a file is actually writable by attempting
to write to it first. Generally only recommended on platforms where
this information may be unreliable.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">is_really_writable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;I could write to this if I wanted to&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;File is not writable&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">See also <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=54709">PHP bug #54709</a> for more info.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="config_item">
<code class="descname">config_item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#config_item" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) Config item key</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Configuration key value or NULL if not found</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> is the preferred way of
accessing configuration information, however <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config_item()</span></code> can be used
to retrieve single keys. See <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a>
documentation for more information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="set_status_header">
<code class="descname">set_status_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$text = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_status_header" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$code</strong> (<em>int</em>) HTTP Response status code</li>
<li><strong>$text</strong> (<em>string</em>) A custom message to set with the status code</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Permits you to manually set a server status header. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">set_status_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">401</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Sets the header as: Unauthorized</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">See here</a> for
a full list of headers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="remove_invisible_characters">
<code class="descname">remove_invisible_characters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$url_encoded = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#remove_invisible_characters" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) Input string</li>
<li><strong>$url_encoded</strong> (<em>bool</em>) Whether to remove URL-encoded characters as well</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Sanitized string</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function prevents inserting NULL characters between ASCII
characters, like Java\0script.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">remove_invisible_characters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Java\\0script&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Returns: &#39;Javascript&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="html_escape">
<code class="descname">html_escape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$var</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#html_escape" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$var</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) Variable to escape (string or array)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML escaped string(s)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function acts as an alias for PHPs native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code>
function, with the advantage of being able to accept an array of strings.</p>
<p>It is useful in preventing Cross Site Scripting (XSS).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="get_mimes">
<code class="descname">get_mimes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_mimes" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An associative array of file types</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function returns a <em>reference</em> to the MIMEs array from
<em>application/config/mimes.php</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="is_https">
<code class="descname">is_https</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_https" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if currently using HTTP-over-SSL, FALSE if not</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Returns TRUE if a secure (HTTPS) connection is used and FALSE
in any other case (including non-HTTP requests).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="is_cli">
<code class="descname">is_cli</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_cli" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if currently running under CLI, FALSE otherwise</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Returns TRUE if the application is run through the command line
and FALSE if not.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This function checks both if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PHP_SAPI</span></code> value is cli
or if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STDIN</span></code> constant is defined.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="function_usable">
<code class="descname">function_usable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$function_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#function_usable" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$function_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) Function name</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the function can be used, FALSE if not</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Returns TRUE if a function exists and is usable, FALSE otherwise.</p>
<p>This function runs a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function_exists()</span></code> check and if the
<cite>Suhosin extension &lt;http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/&gt;</cite> is loaded,
checks if it doesnt disable the function being checked.</p>
<p>It is useful if you want to check for the availability of functions
such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code>, which are dangerous and might be
disabled on servers with highly restrictive security policies.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This function was introduced because Suhosin terminated
script execution, but this turned out to be a bug. A fix
has been available for some time (version 0.9.34), but is
unfortunately not released yet.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="compatibility-functions">
<h1>Compatibility Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility-functions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter provides a set of compatibility functions that enable
you to use functions what are otherwise natively available in PHP,
but only in higher versions or depending on a certain extension.</p>
<p>Being custom implementations, these functions will also have some
set of dependencies on their own, but are still useful if your
PHP setup doesnt offer them natively.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Much like the <a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common functions</span></a>, the
compatibility functions are always available, as long as
their dependencies are met.</p>
</div>
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#password-hashing" id="id7">Password Hashing</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dependencies" id="id8">Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants" id="id9">Constants</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-reference" id="id10">Function reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hash-message-digest" id="id11">Hash (Message Digest)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id12">Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id13">Function reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multibyte-string" id="id14">Multibyte String</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3" id="id15">Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4" id="id16">Function reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-functions" id="id17">Standard Functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5" id="id18">Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6" id="id19">Function reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="password-hashing">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Password Hashing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#password-hashing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This set of compatibility functions offers a “backport” of PHPs
standard <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing extension</a>
that is otherwise available only since PHP 5.5.</p>
<div class="section" id="dependencies">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dependencies" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>PHP 5.3.7</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CRYPT_BLOWFISH</span></code> support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt()</span></code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="constants">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Constants</a><a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PASSWORD_BCRYPT</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PASSWORD_DEFAULT</span></code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="function-reference">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#function-reference" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="password_get_info">
<code class="descname">password_get_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$hash</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_get_info" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) Password hash</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Information about the hashed password</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_get_info">PHP manual for
password_get_info()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="password_hash">
<code class="descname">password_hash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$password</em>, <em>$algo</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$options = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_hash" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) Plain-text password</li>
<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>int</em>) Hashing algorithm</li>
<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) Hashing options</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Hashed password or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_hash">PHP manual for
password_hash()</a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Unless you provide your own (and valid) salt, this function
has a further dependency on an available CSPRNG source. Each
of the following would satisfy that:
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mcrypt_create_iv()</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM</span></code>
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()</span></code>
- /dev/arandom
- /dev/urandom</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="password_needs_rehash">
<code class="descname">password_needs_rehash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_needs_rehash" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) Password hash</li>
<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>int</em>) Hashing algorithm</li>
<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) Hashing options</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the hash should be rehashed to match the given algorithm and options, FALSE otherwise</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_needs_rehash">PHP manual for
password_needs_rehash()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="password_verify">
<code class="descname">password_verify</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$password</em>, <em>$hash</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_verify" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) Plain-text password</li>
<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) Password hash</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the password matches the hash, FALSE if not</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_verify">PHP manual for
password_verify()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hash-message-digest">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Hash (Message Digest)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#hash-message-digest" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This compatibility layer contains backports for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_equals()</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_pbkdf2()</span></code> functions, which otherwise require PHP 5.6 and/or
PHP 5.5 respectively.</p>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>None</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="hash_equals">
<code class="descname">hash_equals</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$known_string</em>, <em>$user_string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hash_equals" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$known_string</strong> (<em>string</em>) Known string</li>
<li><strong>$user_string</strong> (<em>string</em>) User-supplied string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the strings match, FALSE otherwise</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hash_equals">PHP manual for
hash_equals()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="hash_pbkdf2">
<code class="descname">hash_pbkdf2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$algo</em>, <em>$password</em>, <em>$salt</em>, <em>$iterations</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$raw_output = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hash_pbkdf2" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>string</em>) Hashing algorithm</li>
<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) Password</li>
<li><strong>$salt</strong> (<em>string</em>) Hash salt</li>
<li><strong>$iterations</strong> (<em>int</em>) Number of iterations to perform during derivation</li>
<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) Output string length</li>
<li><strong>$raw_output</strong> (<em>bool</em>) Whether to return raw binary data</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Password-derived key or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hash_pbkdf2">PHP manual for
hash_pbkdf2()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="multibyte-string">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Multibyte String</a><a class="headerlink" href="#multibyte-string" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This set of compatibility functions offers limited support for PHPs
<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">Multibyte String extension</a>. Because of
the limited alternative solutions, only a few functions are available.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">When a character set parameter is ommited,
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['charset']</span></code> will be used.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/iconv">iconv</a> extension</li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">This dependency is optional and these functions will
always be declared. If iconv is not available, they WILL
fall-back to their non-mbstring versions.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Where a character set is supplied, it must be
supported by iconv and in a format that it recognizes.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">For you own dependency check on the actual mbstring
extension, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MB_ENABLED</span></code> constant.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="mb_strlen">
<code class="descname">mb_strlen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_strlen" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) Input string</li>
<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) Character set</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Number of characters in the input string or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_strlen">PHP manual for
mb_strlen()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="mb_strpos">
<code class="descname">mb_strpos</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$haystack</em>, <em>$needle</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_strpos" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$haystack</strong> (<em>string</em>) String to search in</li>
<li><strong>$needle</strong> (<em>string</em>) Part of string to search for</li>
<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) Search offset</li>
<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) Character set</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Numeric character position of where $needle was found or FALSE if not found</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_strpos">PHP manual for
mb_strpos()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="mb_substr">
<code class="descname">mb_substr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_substr" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) Input string</li>
<li><strong>$start</strong> (<em>int</em>) Position of first character</li>
<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) Maximum number of characters</li>
<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) Character set</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Portion of $str specified by $start and $length or FALSE on failure</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_substr">PHP manual for
mb_substr()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="standard-functions">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Standard Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#standard-functions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This set of compatibility functions offers support for a few
standard functions in PHP that otherwise require a newer PHP version.</p>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>None</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id6">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="array_column">
<code class="descname">array_column</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>array $array</em>, <em>$column_key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$index_key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array_column" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) Array to fetch results from</li>
<li><strong>$column_key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) Key of the column to return values from</li>
<li><strong>$index_key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) Key to use for the returned values</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of values representing a single column from the input array</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/array_column">PHP manual for
array_column()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="hex2bin">
<code class="descname">hex2bin</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hex2bin" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) Hexadecimal representation of data</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Binary representation of the given data</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hex2bin">PHP manual for hex2bin()</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="controllers">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Controllers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#controllers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how
HTTP requests should be handled.</p>
<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#controllers" id="id1">Controllers</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-controller" id="id2">What is a Controller?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id3">Lets try it: Hello World!</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods" id="id4">Methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" id="id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-default-controller" id="id6">Defining a Default Controller</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#remapping-method-calls" id="id7">Remapping Method Calls</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-output" id="id8">Processing Output</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods" id="id9">Private methods</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" id="id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-constructors" id="id11">Class Constructors</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reserved-method-names" id="id12">Reserved method names</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id13">Thats it!</a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-is-a-controller">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Controller?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-controller" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p><strong>A Controller is simply a class file that is named in a way that can be
associated with a URI.</strong></p>
<p>Consider this URI:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller
named Blog.php and load it.</p>
<p><strong>When a controllers name matches the first segment of a URI, it will
be loaded.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Lets try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Lets create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
text editor, create a file called Blog.php, and put the following code
in it:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> directory.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">The file must be called Blog.php, with a capital B.</p>
</div>
<p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you did it right, you should see:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>Hello World!</div></blockquote>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Class names must start with an uppercase letter.</p>
</div>
<p>This is valid:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is <strong>not</strong> valid:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller
class so that it can inherit all its methods.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="methods">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In the above example the method name is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code>. The “index” method
is always loaded by default if the <strong>second segment</strong> of the URI is
empty. Another way to show your “Hello World” message would be this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>The second segment of the URI determines which method in the
controller gets called.</strong></p>
<p>Lets try it. Add a new method to your controller:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">comments</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Look at this!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now load the following URL to see the comment method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You should see your new message.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
method as parameters.</p>
<p>For example, lets say you have a URI like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">sandals</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (“sandals” and “123”):</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Products</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">shoes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">If you are using the <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a>
feature, the segments passed to your method will be the re-routed
ones.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="defining-a-default-controller">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Defining a Default Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-default-controller" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter can be told to load a default controller when a URI is not
present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
To specify a default controller, open your <strong>application/config/routes.php</strong>
file and set this variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where blog is the name of the controller class you want used. If you now
load your main index.php file without specifying any URI segments youll
see your “Hello World” message by default.</p>
<p>For more information, please refer to the “Reserved Routes” section of the
<a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> documentation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="remapping-method-calls">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Remapping Method Calls</a><a class="headerlink" href="#remapping-method-calls" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which
method in the controller gets called. CodeIgniter permits you to override
this behavior through the use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Some code here...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named _remap(),
it will <strong>always</strong> get called regardless of what your URI contains. It
overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which method
is called, allowing you to define your own method routing rules.</p>
</div>
<p>The overridden method call (typically the second segment of the URI) will
be passed as a parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">default_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Any extra segments after the method name are passed into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> as an
optional second parameter. This array can be used in combination with
PHPs <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/call_user_func_array">call_user_func_array()</a>
to emulate CodeIgniters default behavior.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;process_&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">method_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">call_user_func_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="processing-output">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Processing Output</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-output" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter has an output class that takes care of sending your final
rendered data to the web browser automatically. More information on this
can be found in the <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">Views</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Class</span></a> pages. In some cases, however, you might want to
post-process the finalized data in some way and send it to the browser
yourself. CodeIgniter permits you to add a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>
to your controller that will receive the finalized output data.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>,
it will <strong>always</strong> be called by the output class instead of
echoing the finalized data directly. The first parameter of the
method will contain the finalized output.</p>
</div>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Please note that your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method will receive the
data in its finalized state. Benchmark and memory usage data
will be rendered, cache files written (if you have caching
enabled), and headers will be sent (if you use that
<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">feature</span></a>) before it is handed off
to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method.
To have your controllers output cached properly, its
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method can use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_expiration</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">_write_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="last">If you are using this feature the page execution timer and
memory usage stats might not be perfectly accurate since they
will not take into account any further processing you do.
For an alternate way to control output <em>before</em> any of the
final processing is done, please see the available methods
in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="private-methods">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Private methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In some cases you may want certain methods hidden from public access.
In order to achieve this, simply declare the method as being private
or protected and it will not be served via a URL request. For example,
if you were to have a method like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_utility</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// some code</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Trying to access it via the URL, like this, will not work:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">_utility</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Prefixing method names with an underscore will also prevent
them from being called. This is a legacy feature that is left
for backwards-compatibility.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
permits you to do this.</p>
<p>Simply create sub-directories under the main <em>application/controllers/</em>
one and place your controller classes within them.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
specify the folder. For example, lets say you have a controller located
here:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">Shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:</p>
<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
called if the URL contains <em>only</em> the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
in there that matches the name of your default_controller as specified in
your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter also permits you to remap your URIs using its <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI
Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="class-constructors">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Class Constructors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-constructors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you intend to use a constructor in any of your Controllers, you
<strong>MUST</strong> place the following line of code in it:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The reason this line is necessary is because your local constructor will
be overriding the one in the parent controller class so we need to
manually call it.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Constructors are useful if you need to set some default values, or run a
default process when your class is instantiated. Constructors cant
return a value, but they can do some default work.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reserved-method-names">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Reserved method names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-method-names" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application
controller you must be careful not to name your methods identically to
the ones used by that class, otherwise your local functions will
override them. See <a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html"><span class="doc">Reserved Names</span></a> for a full
list.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">You should also never have a method named identically
to its class name. If you do, and there is no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code>
method in the same class, then your e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Index::index()</span></code>
method will be executed as a class constructor! This is a PHP4
backwards-compatibility feature.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="that-s-it">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Thats it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.</p>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="creating-core-system-classes">
<h1>Creating Core System Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-core-system-classes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Every time CodeIgniter runs there are several base classes that are
initialized automatically as part of the core framework. It is possible,
however, to swap any of the core system classes with your own versions
or even extend the core versions.</p>
<p><strong>Most users will never have any need to do this, but the option to
replace or extend them does exist for those who would like to
significantly alter the CodeIgniter core.</strong></p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Messing with a core system class has a lot of implications, so
make sure you know what you are doing before attempting it.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="system-class-list">
<h2>System Class List<a class="headerlink" href="#system-class-list" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following is a list of the core system files that are invoked every
time CodeIgniter runs:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Benchmark</li>
<li>Config</li>
<li>Controller</li>
<li>Exceptions</li>
<li>Hooks</li>
<li>Input</li>
<li>Language</li>
<li>Loader</li>
<li>Log</li>
<li>Output</li>
<li>Router</li>
<li>Security</li>
<li>URI</li>
<li>Utf8</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="replacing-core-classes">
<h2>Replacing Core Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-core-classes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To use one of your own system classes instead of a default one simply
place your version inside your local <em>application/core/</em> directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">core</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">some_class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If this directory does not exist you can create it.</p>
<p>Any file named identically to one from the list above will be used
instead of the one normally used.</p>
<p>Please note that your class must use CI as a prefix. For example, if
your file is named Input.php the class will be named:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="extending-core-class">
<h2>Extending Core Class<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-core-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing library -
perhaps add a method or two - then its overkill to replace the entire
library with your version. In this case its better to simply extend the
class. Extending a class is nearly identical to replacing a class with a
couple exceptions:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The class declaration must extend the parent class.</li>
<li>Your new class name and filename must be prefixed with MY_ (this
item is configurable. See below.).</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, to extend the native Input class youll create a file named
application/core/MY_Input.php, and declare your class with:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Input</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If you need to use a constructor in your class make sure you
extend the parent constructor:</p>
<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Input</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong> Any functions in your class that are named identically to the
methods in the parent class will be used instead of the native ones
(this is known as “method overriding”). This allows you to substantially
alter the CodeIgniter core.</p>
<p>If you are extending the Controller core class, then be sure to extend
your new class in your application controllers constructors.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Welcome</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">MY_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;welcome_message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To set your own sub-class prefix, open your
<em>application/config/config.php</em> file and look for this item:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed
with CI_ so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
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<div class="section" id="creating-libraries">
<h1>Creating Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>When we use the term “Libraries” we are normally referring to the
classes that are located in the libraries directory and described in the
Class Reference of this user guide. In this case, however, we will
instead describe how you can create your own libraries within your
application/libraries directory in order to maintain separation between
your local resources and the global framework resources.</p>
<p>As an added bonus, CodeIgniter permits your libraries to extend native
classes if you simply need to add some functionality to an existing
library. Or you can even replace native libraries just by placing
identically named versions in your <em>application/libraries</em> directory.</p>
<p>In summary:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>You can create entirely new libraries.</li>
<li>You can extend native libraries.</li>
<li>You can replace native libraries.</li>
</ul>
<p>The page below explains these three concepts in detail.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The Database classes can not be extended or replaced with your
own classes. All other classes are able to be replaced/extended.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storage">
<h2>Storage<a class="headerlink" href="#storage" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Your library classes should be placed within your <em>application/libraries</em>
directory, as this is where CodeIgniter will look for them when they are
initialized.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="naming-conventions">
<h2>Naming Conventions<a class="headerlink" href="#naming-conventions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>File names must be capitalized. For example: Myclass.php</li>
<li>Class declarations must be capitalized. For example: class Myclass</li>
<li>Class names and file names must match.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-class-file">
<h2>The Class File<a class="headerlink" href="#the-class-file" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Classes should have this basic prototype:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="nb">defined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BASEPATH&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;No direct script access allowed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Someclass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">We are using the name Someclass purely as an example.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-your-class">
<h2>Using Your Class<a class="headerlink" href="#using-your-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>From within any of your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controller</span></a> methods you
can initialize your class using the standard:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <em>someclass</em> is the file name, without the “.php” file extension.
You can submit the file name capitalized or lower case. CodeIgniter
doesnt care.</p>
<p>Once loaded you can access your class using the lower case version:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">someclass</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="nx"> </span> <span class="c1">// Object instances will always be lower case</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="passing-parameters-when-initializing-your-class">
<h2>Passing Parameters When Initializing Your Class<a class="headerlink" href="#passing-parameters-when-initializing-your-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In the library loading method you can dynamically pass data as an
array via the second parameter and it will be passed to your class
constructor:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you use this feature you must set up your class constructor to expect
data:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="nb">defined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BASEPATH&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;No direct script access allowed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Someclass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Do something with $params</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also pass parameters stored in a config file. Simply create a
config file named identically to the class file name and store it in
your <em>application/config/</em> directory. Note that if you dynamically pass
parameters as described above, the config file option will not be
available.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="utilizing-codeigniter-resources-within-your-library">
<h2>Utilizing CodeIgniter Resources within Your Library<a class="headerlink" href="#utilizing-codeigniter-resources-within-your-library" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To access CodeIgniters native resources within your library use the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> method. This method returns the CodeIgniter super
object.</p>
<p>Normally from within your controller methods you will call any of the
available CodeIgniter methods using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> construct:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>, however, only works directly within your controllers, your
models, or your views. If you would like to use CodeIgniters classes
from within your own custom classes you can do so as follows:</p>
<p>First, assign the CodeIgniter object to a variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once youve assigned the object to a variable, youll use that variable
<em>instead</em> of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Youll notice that the above <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> function is being
passed by reference:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="last">This is very important. Assigning by reference allows you to use the
original CodeIgniter object rather than creating a copy of it.</p>
</div>
<p>However, since a library is a class, it would be better if you
take full advantage of the OOP principles. So, in order to
be able to use the CodeIgniter super-object in all of the class
methods, youre encouraged to assign it to a property instead:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example_library</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// We&#39;ll use a constructor, as you can&#39;t directly call a function</span>
<span class="c1">// from a property definition.</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Assign the CodeIgniter super-object</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="replacing-native-libraries-with-your-versions">
<h2>Replacing Native Libraries with Your Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-native-libraries-with-your-versions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Simply by naming your class files identically to a native library will
cause CodeIgniter to use it instead of the native one. To use this
feature you must name the file and the class declaration exactly the
same as the native library. For example, to replace the native Email
library youll create a file named <em>application/libraries/Email.php</em>,
and declare your class with:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that most native classes are prefixed with CI_.</p>
<p>To load your library youll see the standard loading method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">At this time the Database classes can not be replaced with
your own versions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="extending-native-libraries">
<h2>Extending Native Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-native-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing library -
perhaps add a method or two - then its overkill to replace the entire
library with your version. In this case its better to simply extend the
class. Extending a class is nearly identical to replacing a class with a
couple exceptions:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The class declaration must extend the parent class.</li>
<li>Your new class name and filename must be prefixed with MY_ (this
item is configurable. See below.).</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, to extend the native Email class youll create a file named
<em>application/libraries/MY_Email.php</em>, and declare your class with:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Email</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you need to use a constructor in your class make sure you
extend the parent constructor:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Email</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Not all of the libraries have the same (or any) parameters
in their constructor. Take a look at the library that youre
extending first to see how it should be implemented.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-your-sub-class">
<h3>Loading Your Sub-class<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-your-sub-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To load your sub-class youll use the standard syntax normally used. DO
NOT include your prefix. For example, to load the example above, which
extends the Email class, you will use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once loaded you will use the class variable as you normally would for
the class you are extending. In the case of the email class all calls
will use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To set your own sub-class prefix, open your
<em>application/config/config.php</em> file and look for this item:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed with CI_
so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
</div>
</div>
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<h1>Credits<a class="headerlink" href="#credits" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="using-codeigniter-drivers">
<h1>Using CodeIgniter Drivers<a class="headerlink" href="#using-codeigniter-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Drivers are a special type of Library that has a parent class and any
number of potential child classes. Child classes have access to the
parent class, but not their siblings. Drivers provide an elegant syntax
in your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controllers</span></a> for libraries that benefit
from or require being broken down into discrete classes.</p>
<p>Drivers are found in the <em>system/libraries/</em> directory, in their own
sub-directory which is identically named to the parent library class.
Also inside that directory is a subdirectory named drivers, which
contains all of the possible child class files.</p>
<p>To use a driver you will initialize it within a controller using the
following initialization method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where class name is the name of the driver class you want to invoke. For
example, to load a driver named “Some_parent” you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_parent&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Methods of that class can then be invoked with:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The child classes, the drivers themselves, can then be called directly
through the parent class, without initializing them:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">child_one</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">child_two</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">another_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-your-own-drivers">
<h2>Creating Your Own Drivers<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-your-own-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Please read the section of the user guide that discusses how to <a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html"><span class="doc">create
your own drivers</span></a>.</p>
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&copy; Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
Last updated on Sep 19, 2019.
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<h1>Handling Multiple Environments<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-multiple-environments" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Developers often desire different system behavior depending on whether
an application is running in a development or production environment.
For example, verbose error output is something that would be useful
while developing an application, but it may also pose a security issue
when “live”.</p>
<div class="section" id="the-environment-constant">
<h2>The ENVIRONMENT Constant<a class="headerlink" href="#the-environment-constant" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>By default, CodeIgniter comes with the environment constant set to use
the value provided in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['CI_ENV']</span></code>, otherwise defaults to
development. At the top of index.php, you will see:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ENVIRONMENT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;CI_ENV&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;CI_ENV&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;development&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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<p>This server variable can be set in your .htaccess file, or Apache
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Alternative methods are available for nginx and other servers, or you can
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<p>In addition to affecting some basic framework behavior (see the next
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<h2>Effects On Default Framework Behavior<a class="headerlink" href="#effects-on-default-framework-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>There are some places in the CodeIgniter system where the ENVIRONMENT
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<p>Setting the ENVIRONMENT constant to a value of development will cause
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practice</span></a>.</p>
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<p>Optionally, you can have CodeIgniter load environment-specific
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<div class="section" id="error-handling">
<h1>Error Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#error-handling" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniter lets you build error reporting into your applications using
the functions described below. In addition, it has an error logging
class that permits error and debugging messages to be saved as text
files.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">By default, CodeIgniter displays all PHP errors. You might
wish to change this behavior once your development is complete. Youll
find the error_reporting() function located at the top of your main
index.php file. Disabling error reporting will NOT prevent log files
from being written if there are errors.</p>
</div>
<p>Unlike most systems in CodeIgniter, the error functions are simple
procedural interfaces that are available globally throughout the
application. This approach permits error messages to get triggered
without having to worry about class/function scoping.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter also returns a status code whenever a portion of the core
calls <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code>. This exit status code is separate from the HTTP status
code, and serves as a notice to other processes that may be watching of
whether the script completed successfully, or if not, what kind of
problem it encountered that caused it to abort. These values are
defined in <em>application/config/constants.php</em>. While exit status codes
are most useful in CLI settings, returning the proper code helps server
software keep track of your scripts and the health of your application.</p>
<p>The following functions let you generate errors:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="show_error">
<code class="descname">show_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$message</em>, <em>$status_code</em>, <em>$heading = 'An Error Was Encountered'</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#show_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) Error message</li>
<li><strong>$status_code</strong> (<em>int</em>) HTTP Response status code</li>
<li><strong>$heading</strong> (<em>string</em>) Error page heading</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function will display the error message supplied to it using
the error template appropriate to your execution:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">errors</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">error_general</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>application/views/errors/cli/error_general.php</div></blockquote>
<p>The optional parameter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> determines what HTTP status
code should be sent with the error. If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> is less
than 100, the HTTP status code will be set to 500, and the exit
status code will be set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">EXIT__AUTO_MIN</span></code>.
If that value is larger than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT__AUTO_MAX</span></code>, or if
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> is 100 or higher, the exit status code will be set
to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT_ERROR</span></code>.
You can check in <em>application/config/constants.php</em> for more detail.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="show_404">
<code class="descname">show_404</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$page = ''</em>, <em>$log_error = TRUE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#show_404" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$page</strong> (<em>string</em>) URI string</li>
<li><strong>$log_error</strong> (<em>bool</em>) Whether to log the error</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function will display the 404 error message supplied to it
using the error template appropriate to your execution:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">errors</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">error_404</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>application/views/errors/cli/error_404.php</div></blockquote>
<p>The function expects the string passed to it to be the file path to
the page that isnt found. The exit status code will be set to
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE</span></code>.
Note that CodeIgniter automatically shows 404 messages if
controllers are not found.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter automatically logs any <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> calls. Setting the
optional second parameter to FALSE will skip logging.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="log_message">
<code class="descname">log_message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$level</em>, <em>$message</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#log_message" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>$level</strong> (<em>string</em>) Log level: error, debug or info</li>
<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>string</em>) Message to log</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This function lets you write messages to your log files. You must
supply one of three “levels” in the first parameter, indicating what
type of message it is (debug, error, info), with the message itself
in the second parameter.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$some_var</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;error&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Some variable did not contain a value.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Some variable was correctly set&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;info&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The purpose of some variable is to provide some value.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are three message types:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Error Messages. These are actual errors, such as PHP errors or
user errors.</li>
<li>Debug Messages. These are messages that assist in debugging. For
example, if a class has been initialized, you could log this as
debugging info.</li>
<li>Informational Messages. These are the lowest priority messages,
simply giving information regarding some process.</li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">In order for the log file to actually be written, the
<em>logs/</em> directory must be writable. In addition, you must
set the “threshold” for logging in
<em>application/config/config.php</em>. You might, for example,
only want error messages to be logged, and not the other
two types. If you set it to zero logging will be disabled.</p>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="helper-functions">
<h1>Helper Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#helper-functions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Helpers, as the name suggests, help you with tasks. Each helper file is
simply a collection of functions in a particular category. There are <strong>URL
Helpers</strong>, that assist in creating links, there are Form Helpers that help
you create form elements, <strong>Text Helpers</strong> perform various text formatting
routines, <strong>Cookie Helpers</strong> set and read cookies, File Helpers help you
deal with files, etc.</p>
<p>Unlike most other systems in CodeIgniter, Helpers are not written in an
Object Oriented format. They are simple, procedural functions. Each
helper function performs one specific task, with no dependence on other
functions.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter does not load Helper Files by default, so the first step in
using a Helper is to load it. Once loaded, it becomes globally available
in your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">views</span></a>.</p>
<p>Helpers are typically stored in your <strong>system/helpers</strong>, or
<strong>application/helpers directory</strong>. CodeIgniter will look first in your
<strong>application/helpers directory</strong>. If the directory does not exist or the
specified helper is not located there CI will instead look in your
global <em>system/helpers/</em> directory.</p>
<div class="section" id="loading-a-helper">
<h2>Loading a Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-helper" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Loading a helper file is quite simple using the following method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <strong>name</strong> is the file name of the helper, without the .php file
extension or the “helper” part.</p>
<p>For example, to load the <strong>URL Helper</strong> file, which is named
<strong>url_helper.php</strong>, you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A helper can be loaded anywhere within your controller methods (or
even within your View files, although thats not a good practice), as
long as you load it before you use it. You can load your helpers in your
controller constructor so that they become available automatically in
any function, or you can load a helper in a specific function that needs
it.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The Helper loading method above does not return a value, so
dont try to assign it to a variable. Just use it as shown.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-multiple-helpers">
<h2>Loading Multiple Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-multiple-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you need to load more than one helper you can specify them in an
array, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;helper1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;helper2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;helper3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="auto-loading-helpers">
<h2>Auto-loading Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you find that you need a particular helper globally throughout your
application, you can tell CodeIgniter to auto-load it during system
initialization. This is done by opening the <strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong>
file and adding the helper to the autoload array.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-a-helper">
<h2>Using a Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#using-a-helper" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Once youve loaded the Helper File containing the function you intend to
use, youll call it the way you would a standard PHP function.</p>
<p>For example, to create a link using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code> function in one of
your view files you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/comments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click Here&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where “Click Here” is the name of the link, and “blog/comments” is the
URI to the controller/method you wish to link to.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="extending-helpers">
<h2>“Extending” Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To “extend” Helpers, create a file in your <strong>application/helpers/</strong> folder
with an identical name to the existing Helper, but prefixed with <strong>MY_</strong>
(this item is configurable. See below.).</p>
<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing helper -
perhaps add a function or two, or change how a particular helper
function operates - then its overkill to replace the entire helper with
your version. In this case its better to simply “extend” the Helper.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The term “extend” is used loosely since Helper functions are
procedural and discrete and cannot be extended in the traditional
programmatic sense. Under the hood, this gives you the ability to
add to or or to replace the functions a Helper provides.</p>
</div>
<p>For example, to extend the native <strong>Array Helper</strong> youll create a file
named <strong>application/helpers/MY_array_helper.php</strong>, and add or override
functions:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// any_in_array() is not in the Array Helper, so it defines a new function</span>
<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">any_in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$haystack</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$haystack</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// random_element() is included in Array Helper, so it overrides the native function</span>
<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">random_element</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nb">shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">array_pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The filename prefix for “extending” Helpers is the same used to extend
libraries and core classes. To set your own prefix, open your
<strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file and look for this item:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed with <strong>CI_</strong>
so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="now-what">
<h2>Now What?<a class="headerlink" href="#now-what" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In the Table of Contents youll find a list of all the available Helper
Files. Browse each one to see what they do.</p>
</div>
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<div class="section" id="hooks-extending-the-framework-core">
<h1>Hooks - Extending the Framework Core<a class="headerlink" href="#hooks-extending-the-framework-core" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>CodeIgniters Hooks feature provides a means to tap into and modify the
inner workings of the framework without hacking the core files. When
CodeIgniter runs it follows a specific execution process, diagramed in
the <a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html"><span class="doc">Application Flow</span></a> page. There may be
instances, however, where youd like to cause some action to take place
at a particular stage in the execution process. For example, you might
want to run a script right before your controllers get loaded, or right
after, or you might want to trigger one of your own scripts in some
other location.</p>
<div class="section" id="enabling-hooks">
<h2>Enabling Hooks<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-hooks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The hooks feature can be globally enabled/disabled by setting the
following item in the <strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="defining-a-hook">
<h2>Defining a Hook<a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-hook" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Hooks are defined in the <strong>application/config/hooks.php</strong> file.
Each hook is specified as an array with this prototype:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myfunction&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;beer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wine&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;snacks&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p>The array index correlates to the name of the particular hook point you
want to use. In the above example the hook point is pre_controller. A
list of hook points is found below. The following items should be
defined in your associative hook array:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><strong>class</strong> The name of the class you wish to invoke. If you prefer to
use a procedural function instead of a class, leave this item blank.</li>
<li><strong>function</strong> The function (or method) name you wish to call.</li>
<li><strong>filename</strong> The file name containing your class/function.</li>
<li><strong>filepath</strong> The name of the directory containing your script.
Note:
Your script must be located in a directory INSIDE your <em>application/</em>
directory, so the file path is relative to that directory. For example,
if your script is located in <em>application/hooks/</em>, you will simply use
hooks as your filepath. If your script is located in
<em>application/hooks/utilities/</em> you will use hooks/utilities as your
filepath. No trailing slash.</li>
<li><strong>params</strong> Any parameters you wish to pass to your script. This item
is optional.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can also use lambda/anoymous functions (or closures) as hooks, with
a simpler syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;post_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="cm">/* do something here */</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="multiple-calls-to-the-same-hook">
<h2>Multiple Calls to the Same Hook<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-calls-to-the-same-hook" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If want to use the same hook point with more than one script, simply
make your array declaration multi-dimensional, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyMethod&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;beer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wine&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;snacks&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyOtherClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyOtherMethod&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myotherclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yellow&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blue&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Notice the brackets after each array index:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This permits you to have the same hook point with multiple scripts. The
order you define your array will be the execution order.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hook-points">
<h2>Hook Points<a class="headerlink" href="#hook-points" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following is a list of available hook points.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><strong>pre_system</strong>
Called very early during system execution. Only the benchmark and
hooks class have been loaded at this point. No routing or other
processes have happened.</li>
<li><strong>pre_controller</strong>
Called immediately prior to any of your controllers being called.
All base classes, routing, and security checks have been done.</li>
<li><strong>post_controller_constructor</strong>
Called immediately after your controller is instantiated, but prior
to any method calls happening.</li>
<li><strong>post_controller</strong>
Called immediately after your controller is fully executed.</li>
<li><strong>display_override</strong>
Overrides the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_display()</span></code> method, used to send the finalized page
to the web browser at the end of system execution. This permits you
to use your own display methodology. Note that you will need to
reference the CI superobject with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;CI</span> <span class="pre">=&amp;</span> <span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> and
then the finalized data will be available by calling
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;CI-&gt;output-&gt;get_output()</span></code>.</li>
<li><strong>cache_override</strong>
Enables you to call your own method instead of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_display_cache()</span></code>
method in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>. This permits
you to use your own cache display mechanism.</li>
<li><strong>post_system</strong>
Called after the final rendered page is sent to the browser, at the
end of system execution after the finalized data is sent to the
browser.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<div class="section" id="managing-your-applications">
<h1>Managing your Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-your-applications" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>By default it is assumed that you only intend to use CodeIgniter to
manage one application, which you will build in your <em>application/</em>
directory. It is possible, however, to have multiple sets of
applications that share a single CodeIgniter installation, or even to
rename or relocate your application directory.</p>
<div class="section" id="renaming-the-application-directory">
<h2>Renaming the Application Directory<a class="headerlink" href="#renaming-the-application-directory" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you would like to rename your application directory you may do so
as long as you open your main index.php file and set its name using
the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;application&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="relocating-your-application-directory">
<h2>Relocating your Application Directory<a class="headerlink" href="#relocating-your-application-directory" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>It is possible to move your application directory to a different
location on your server than your web root. To do so open
your main index.php and set a <em>full server path</em> in the
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/your/application&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-multiple-applications-with-one-codeigniter-installation">
<h2>Running Multiple Applications with one CodeIgniter Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#running-multiple-applications-with-one-codeigniter-installation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you would like to share a common CodeIgniter installation to manage
several different applications simply put all of the directories located
inside your application directory into their own sub-directory.</p>
<p>For example, lets say you want to create two applications, named “foo”
and “bar”. You could structure your application directories like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To select a particular application for use requires that you open your
main index.php file and set the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable. For
example, to select the “foo” application for use you would do this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;applications/foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Each of your applications will need its own index.php file
which calls the desired application. The index.php file can be named
anything you want.</p>
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<div class="section" id="models">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Models</a><a class="headerlink" href="#models" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Models are <strong>optionally</strong> available for those who want to use a more
traditional MVC approach.</p>
<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models" id="id1">Models</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-model" id="id2">What is a Model?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#anatomy-of-a-model" id="id3">Anatomy of a Model</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-a-model" id="id4">Loading a Model</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-loading-models" id="id5">Auto-loading Models</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connecting-to-your-database" id="id6">Connecting to your Database</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="what-is-a-model">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Model?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Models are PHP classes that are designed to work with information in
your database. For example, lets say you use CodeIgniter to manage a
blog. You might have a model class that contains functions to insert,
update, and retrieve your blog data. Here is an example of what such a
model class might look like:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$content</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$date</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_last_ten_entries</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">insert_entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="c1">// please read the below note</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">update_entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">]));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The methods in the above example use the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> database methods.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">For the sake of simplicity in this example were using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>
directly. This is generally bad practice, and a more common approach
would be to use the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a>
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;post('title')</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="anatomy-of-a-model">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Anatomy of a Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#anatomy-of-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Model classes are stored in your <strong>application/models/</strong> directory.
They can be nested within sub-directories if you want this type of
organization.</p>
<p>The basic prototype for a model class is this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Model_name</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <strong>Model_name</strong> is the name of your class. Class names <strong>must</strong> have
the first letter capitalized with the rest of the name lowercase. Make
sure your class extends the base Model class.</p>
<p>The file name must match the class name. For example, if this is your class:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Your file will be this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">User_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-a-model">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Loading a Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Your models will typically be loaded and called from within your
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> methods. To load a model you will use
the following method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If your model is located in a sub-directory, include the relative path
from your models directory. For example, if you have a model located at
<em>application/models/blog/Queries.php</em> youll load it using:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/queries&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once loaded, you will access your model methods using an object with the
same name as your class:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model_name</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you would like your model assigned to a different object name you can
specify it via the second parameter of the loading method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">foobar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example of a controller, that loads a model, then serves a
view:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog_controller</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">blog</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;query&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">blog</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_last_ten_entries</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="auto-loading-models">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Auto-loading Models</a><a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-models" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you find that you need a particular model globally throughout your
application, you can tell CodeIgniter to auto-load it during system
initialization. This is done by opening the
<strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong> file and adding the model to the
autoload array.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="connecting-to-your-database">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Connecting to your Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>When a model is loaded it does <strong>NOT</strong> connect automatically to your
database. The following options for connecting are available to you:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">You can connect using the standard database methods <a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html"><span class="doc">described
here</span></a>, either from within your
Controller class or your Model class.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can tell the model loading method to auto-connect by passing
TRUE (boolean) via the third parameter, and connectivity settings,
as defined in your database config file will be used:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can manually pass database connectivity settings via the third
parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myusername&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydatabase&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
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<div class="section" id="profiling-your-application">
<h1>Profiling Your Application<a class="headerlink" href="#profiling-your-application" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The Profiler Class will display benchmark results, queries you have run,
and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> data at the bottom of your pages. This information can be
useful during development in order to help with debugging and
optimization.</p>
<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
<h2>Initializing the Class<a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">This class does NOT need to be initialized. It is loaded
automatically by the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>
if profiling is enabled as shown below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="enabling-the-profiler">
<h2>Enabling the Profiler<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-the-profiler" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To enable the profiler place the following line anywhere within your
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controller</span></a> methods:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When enabled a report will be generated and inserted at the bottom of
your pages.</p>
<p>To disable the profiler you will use:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="setting-benchmark-points">
<h2>Setting Benchmark Points<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-benchmark-points" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In order for the Profiler to compile and display your benchmark data you
must name your mark points using specific syntax.</p>
<p>Please read the information on setting Benchmark points in the
<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html"><span class="doc">Benchmark Library</span></a> page.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="enabling-and-disabling-profiler-sections">
<h2>Enabling and Disabling Profiler Sections<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-and-disabling-profiler-sections" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Each section of Profiler data can be enabled or disabled by setting a
corresponding config variable to TRUE or FALSE. This can be done one of
two ways. First, you can set application wide defaults with the
<em>application/config/profiler.php</em> config file.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;config&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;queries&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In your controllers, you can override the defaults and config file
values by calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_profiler_sections()</span></code> method of the
<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sections</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;config&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;queries&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_profiler_sections</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sections</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Available sections and the array key used to access them are described
in the table below.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="23%" />
<col width="68%" />
<col width="8%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Key</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
<th class="head">Default</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>benchmarks</strong></td>
<td>Elapsed time of Benchmark points and total execution time</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>config</strong></td>
<td>CodeIgniter Config variables</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>controller_info</strong></td>
<td>The Controller class and method requested</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>get</strong></td>
<td>Any GET data passed in the request</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>http_headers</strong></td>
<td>The HTTP headers for the current request</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>memory_usage</strong></td>
<td>Amount of memory consumed by the current request, in bytes</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>post</strong></td>
<td>Any POST data passed in the request</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>queries</strong></td>
<td>Listing of all database queries executed, including execution time</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>uri_string</strong></td>
<td>The URI of the current request</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>session_data</strong></td>
<td>Data stored in the current session</td>
<td>TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>query_toggle_count</strong></td>
<td>The number of queries after which the query block will default to
hidden.</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Disabling the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">save_queries</span></a> setting in
your database configuration will also effectively disable profiling for
database queries and render the queries setting above useless. You can
optionally override this setting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;save_queries</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TRUE;</span></code>.
Without this setting you wont be able to view the queries or the
<cite>last_query &lt;database/helpers&gt;</cite>.</p>
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<h1>Server Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#server-requirements" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/">PHP</a> version 5.6 or newer is recommended.</p>
<p>It should work on 5.3.7 as well, but we strongly advise you NOT to run
such old versions of PHP, because of potential security and performance
issues, as well as missing features.</p>
<p>A database is required for most web application programming.
Currently supported databases are:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>MySQL (5.1+) via the <em>mysql</em> (deprecated), <em>mysqli</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>Oracle via the <em>oci8</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>PostgreSQL via the <em>postgre</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>MS SQL via the <em>mssql</em>, <em>sqlsrv</em> (version 2005 and above only) and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>SQLite via the <em>sqlite</em> (version 2), <em>sqlite3</em> (version 3) and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>CUBRID via the <em>cubrid</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>Interbase/Firebird via the <em>ibase</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
<li>ODBC via the <em>odbc</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers (you should know that ODBC is actually an abstraction layer)</li>
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<h1>Reserved Names<a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-names" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>In order to help out, CodeIgniter uses a series of function, method,
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_https" title="is_https"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_https()</span></code></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html#get_instance" title="get_instance"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code></a></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_handler()</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_exception_handler()</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_stringify_attributes()</span></code></li>
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<div class="section" id="variables">
<h2>Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#variables" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$db</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$lang</span></code></li>
</ul>
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<div class="section" id="constants">
<h2>Constants<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>ENVIRONMENT</li>
<li>FCPATH</li>
<li>SELF</li>
<li>BASEPATH</li>
<li>APPPATH</li>
<li>VIEWPATH</li>
<li>CI_VERSION</li>
<li>MB_ENABLED</li>
<li>ICONV_ENABLED</li>
<li>UTF8_ENABLED</li>
<li>FILE_READ_MODE</li>
<li>FILE_WRITE_MODE</li>
<li>DIR_READ_MODE</li>
<li>DIR_WRITE_MODE</li>
<li>FOPEN_READ</li>
<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE</li>
<li>FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE</li>
<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE</li>
<li>FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE</li>
<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE_CREATE</li>
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<li>SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE</li>
<li>EXIT_SUCCESS</li>
<li>EXIT_ERROR</li>
<li>EXIT_CONFIG</li>
<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE</li>
<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_CLASS</li>
<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_METHOD</li>
<li>EXIT_USER_INPUT</li>
<li>EXIT_DATABASE</li>
<li>EXIT__AUTO_MIN</li>
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<div class="section" id="uri-routing">
<h1>URI Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-routing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Typically there is a one-to-one relationship between a URL string and
its corresponding controller class/method. The segments in a URI
normally follow this pattern:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">function</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In some instances, however, you may want to remap this relationship so
that a different class/method can be called instead of the one
corresponding to the URL.</p>
<p>For example, lets say you want your URLs to have this prototype:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Normally the second segment of the URL is reserved for the method
name, but in the example above it instead has a product ID. To
overcome this, CodeIgniter allows you to remap the URI handler.</p>
<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-routing-rules">
<h2>Setting your own routing rules<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-routing-rules" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Routing rules are defined in your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.
In it youll see an array called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> that permits you to specify
your own routing criteria. Routes can either be specified using wildcards
or Regular Expressions.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="wildcards">
<h2>Wildcards<a class="headerlink" href="#wildcards" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>A typical wildcard route might look something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/:num&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In a route, the array key contains the URI to be matched, while the
array value contains the destination it should be re-routed to. In the
above example, if the literal word “product” is found in the first
segment of the URL, and a number is found in the second segment, the
“catalog” class and the “product_lookup” method are instead used.</p>
<p>You can match literal values or you can use two wildcard types:</p>
<p><strong>(:num)</strong> will match a segment containing only numbers.
<strong>(:any)</strong> will match a segment containing any character (except for /, which is the segment delimiter).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Wildcards are actually aliases for regular expressions, with
<strong>:any</strong> being translated to <strong>[^/]+</strong> and <strong>:num</strong> to <strong>[0-9]+</strong>,
respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Routes will run in the order they are defined. Higher routes
will always take precedence over lower ones.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Route rules are not filters! Setting a rule of e.g.
foo/bar/(:num) will not prevent controller <em>Foo</em> and method
<em>bar</em> to be called with a non-numeric value if that is a valid
route.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Here are a few routing examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;journals&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A URL containing the word “journals” in the first segment will be
remapped to the “blogs” class.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/joe&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs/users/34&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A URL containing the segments blog/joe will be remapped to the “blogs”
class and the “users” method. The ID will be set to “34”.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and anything in the second
will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the “product_lookup”
method.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup_by_id/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and a number in the second
will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the
“product_lookup_by_id” method passing in the match as a variable to
the method.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Do not use leading/trailing slashes.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="regular-expressions">
<h2>Regular Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-expressions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>If you prefer you can use regular expressions to define your routing
rules. Any valid regular expression is allowed, as are back-references.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you use back-references you must use the dollar syntax
rather than the double backslash syntax.</p>
</div>
<p>A typical RegEx route might look something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-z]+)/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;$1/id_$2&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, a URI similar to products/shirts/123 would instead
call the “shirts” controller class and the “id_123” method.</p>
<p>With regular expressions, you can also catch multiple segments at once.
For example, if a user accesses a password protected area of your web
application and you wish to be able to redirect them back to the same
page after they log in, you may find this example useful:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;login/(.+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;auth/login/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">In the above example, if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$1</span></code> placeholder contains a
slash, it will still be split into multiple parameters when
passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Auth::login()</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<p>For those of you who dont know regular expressions and want to learn
more about them, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.regular-expressions.info/">regular-expressions.info</a>
might be a good starting point.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You can also mix and match wildcards with regular expressions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="callbacks">
<h2>Callbacks<a class="headerlink" href="#callbacks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>You can also use callbacks in place of the normal routing rules to process
the back-references. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-zA-Z]+)/edit/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_edit/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">strtolower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-http-verbs-in-routes">
<h2>Using HTTP verbs in routes<a class="headerlink" href="#using-http-verbs-in-routes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>It is possible to use HTTP verbs (request method) to define your routing rules.
This is particularly useful when building RESTful applications. You can use standard HTTP
verbs (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, PATCH) or a custom one such (e.g. PURGE). HTTP verb rules
are case-insensitive. All you need to do is to add the verb as an array key to your route.
Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;put&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/insert&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, a PUT request to URI “products” would call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::insert()</span></code>
controller method.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;DELETE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/delete/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A DELETE request to URL with “products” as first the segment and a number in the second will be
mapped to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::delete()</span></code> method, passing the numeric value as the first parameter.</p>
<p>Using HTTP verbs is of course, optional.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reserved-routes">
<h2>Reserved Routes<a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-routes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>There are three reserved routes:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;welcome&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This route points to the action that should be executed if the URI contains
no data, which will be the case when people load your root URL.
The setting accepts a <strong>controller/method</strong> value and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> would be
the default method if you dont specify one. In the above example, it is
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Welcome::index()</span></code> that would be called.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You can NOT use a directory as a part of this setting!</p>
</div>
<p>You are encouraged to always have a default route as otherwise a 404 page
will appear by default.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;404_override&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This route indicates which controller class should be loaded if the
requested controller is not found. It will override the default 404
error page. Same per-directory rules as with default_controller
apply here as well.</p>
<p>It wont affect to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> function, which will
continue loading the default <em>error_404.php</em> file at
<em>application/views/errors/error_404.php</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;translate_uri_dashes&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As evident by the boolean value, this is not exactly a route. This
option enables you to automatically replace dashes (-) with
underscores in the controller and method URI segments, thus saving you
additional route entries if you need to do that.
This is required, because the dash isnt a valid class or method name
character and would cause a fatal error if you try to use it.</p>
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<div class="section" id="security">
<h1>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and
details CodeIgniters internal security features.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you came here looking for a security contact, please refer to
our <cite>Contribution Guide &lt;../contributing/index&gt;</cite>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="uri-security">
<h2>URI Security<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-security" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows
in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that
malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain
the following:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)</li>
<li>Tilde: ~</li>
<li>Percent sign: %</li>
<li>Period: .</li>
<li>Colon: :</li>
<li>Underscore: _</li>
<li>Dash: -</li>
<li>Space</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="register-globals">
<h2>Register_globals<a class="headerlink" href="#register-globals" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist
in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_REQUEST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> are unset.</p>
<p>The unsetting routine is effectively the same as <em>register_globals = off</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="display-errors">
<h2>display_errors<a class="headerlink" href="#display-errors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHPs
error reporting by setting the internal <em>display_errors</em> flag to a value
of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output,
which may potentially contain sensitive information.</p>
<p>Setting CodeIgniters <strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong> constant in index.php to a value of
<strong>production</strong> will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is
recommended that a value of development is used. More information
about differentiating between environments can be found on the
<a class="reference internal" href="environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling Environments</span></a> page.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="magic-quotes-runtime">
<h2>magic_quotes_runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-quotes-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> directive is turned off during system
initialization so that you dont have to remove slashes when retrieving
data from your database.</p>
<div class="section" id="best-practices">
<h3>Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data
from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even
data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three
step approach:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length,
size, etc.</li>
<li>Filter the data as if it were tainted.</li>
<li>Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting
it to a browser.</li>
</ol>
<p>CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you
in this process:</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
<h2>XSS Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter
looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into
your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or
do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described
<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">XSS filtering should <em>only be performed on output</em>. Filtering
input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including
stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces
security instead of improving it.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="csrf-protection">
<h2>CSRF protection<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-protection" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an
attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get
automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs
you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in
the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="password-handling">
<h2>Password handling<a class="headerlink" href="#password-handling" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>It is <em>critical</em> that you handle passwords in your application properly.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, many developers dont know how to do that, and the web is
full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesnt help.</p>
<p>We would like to give you a list of combined dos and donts to help you
with that. Please read below.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.</p>
<p>Always <strong>hash</strong> your passwords.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.</p>
<p>This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do <strong>hashing</strong>,
not <em>encoding</em>.</p>
<p>Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are
secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work
only in one direction. Hashing does that - theres <em>no</em> un-hashing or
de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.</p>
<p>These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for
password hashing in the first place.</p>
<p>Also, DONT invent your own algorithms.</p>
<p>Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used
in PHPs own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a> functions.</p>
<p>Please use them, even if youre not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter
provides them for you.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!</p>
<p>Even to the passwords owner, if you need a “Forgotten password”
feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important)
password and send that instead.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users passwords.</p>
<p>If youre using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit
of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password
lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.</p>
<p>Other than that however, theres no point in forcing a rule that a
password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it cant
contain a certain set of special characters.</p>
<p>Not only does this <strong>reduce</strong> security instead of improving it, but
theres literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and
no (practical) storage constraints apply once youve hashed them, none!</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="validate-input-data">
<h2>Validate input data<a class="headerlink" href="#validate-input-data" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter has a <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> that assists you in
validating, filtering, and prepping your data.</p>
<p>Even if that doesnt work for your use case however, be sure to always
validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric
string for an input variable, you can check for that with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code>
or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_digit()</span></code>. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain
pattern.</p>
<p>Have it in mind that this includes not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>
variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically
<em>all data that is not created directly by your own code</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="escape-all-data-before-database-insertion">
<h2>Escape all data before database insertion<a class="headerlink" href="#escape-all-data-before-database-insertion" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Never insert information into your database without escaping it.
Please see the section that discusses <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">database queries</span></a> for more information.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hide-your-files">
<h2>Hide your files<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-your-files" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Another good security practice is to only leave your <em>index.php</em>
and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your servers
<em>webroot</em> directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are
the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.</p>
<p>Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially
allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.</p>
<p>If youre not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess
file to restrict access to those resources.</p>
<p>CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its
directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have
it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious
attacker.</p>
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<div class="section" id="codeigniter-urls">
<h1>CodeIgniter URLs<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-urls" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>By default, URLs in CodeIgniter are designed to be search-engine and
human friendly. Rather than using the standard “query string” approach
to URLs that is synonymous with dynamic systems, CodeIgniter uses a
<strong>segment-based</strong> approach:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">article</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">my_article</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Query string URLs can be optionally enabled, as described
below.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="uri-segments">
<h2>URI Segments<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-segments" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller
approach, usually represent:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">function</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">ID</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The first segment represents the controller <strong>class</strong> that should be
invoked.</li>
<li>The second segment represents the class <strong>function</strong>, or method, that
should be called.</li>
<li>The third, and any additional segments, represent the ID and any
variables that will be passed to the controller.</li>
</ol>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> contain functions that make it easy to work
with your URI data. In addition, your URLs can be remapped using the
<a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature for more flexibility.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="removing-the-index-php-file">
<h2>Removing the index.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#removing-the-index-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>By default, the <strong>index.php</strong> file will be included in your URLs:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">article</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">my_article</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If your Apache server has <em>mod_rewrite</em> enabled, you can easily remove this
file by using a .htaccess file with some simple rules. Here is an example
of such a file, using the “negative” method in which everything is redirected
except the specified items:</p>
<div class="highlight-apache"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">RewriteEngine</span> <span class="k">On</span>
<span class="nb">RewriteCond</span> %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
<span class="nb">RewriteCond</span> %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
<span class="nb">RewriteRule</span> ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, any HTTP request other than those for existing
directories and existing files is treated as a request for your index.php file.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">These specific rules might not work for all server configurations.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Make sure to also exclude from the above rule any assets that you
might need to be accessible from the outside world.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-a-url-suffix">
<h2>Adding a URL Suffix<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-url-suffix" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In your <strong>config/config.php</strong> file you can specify a suffix that will be
added to all URLs generated by CodeIgniter. For example, if a URL is
this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can optionally add a suffix, like <strong>.html,</strong> making the page appear to
be of a certain type:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="enabling-query-strings">
<h2>Enabling Query Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-query-strings" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In some cases you might prefer to use query strings URLs:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">345</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>CodeIgniter optionally supports this capability, which can be enabled in
your <strong>application/config.php</strong> file. If you open your config file youll
see these items:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_query_strings&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;controller_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;function_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you change “enable_query_strings” to TRUE this feature will become
active. Your controllers and functions will then be accessible using the
“trigger” words youve set to invoke your controllers and methods:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">method</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you are using query strings you will have to build your own
URLs, rather than utilizing the URL helpers (and other helpers
that generate URLs, like some of the form helpers) as these are
designed to work with segment based URLs.</p>
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<div class="section" id="views">
<h1>Views<a class="headerlink" href="#views" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>A view is simply a web page, or a page fragment, like a header, footer,
sidebar, etc. In fact, views can flexibly be embedded within other views
(within other views, etc., etc.) if you need this type of hierarchy.</p>
<p>Views are never called directly, they must be loaded by a
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a>. Remember that in an MVC framework, the
Controller acts as the traffic cop, so it is responsible for fetching a
particular view. If you have not read the
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a> page you should do so before
continuing.</p>
<p>Using the example controller you created in the
<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> page, lets add a view to it.</p>
<div class="section" id="creating-a-view">
<h2>Creating a View<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Using your text editor, create a file called blogview.php, and put this
in it:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Welcome</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">my</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">!&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then save the file in your <em>application/views/</em> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-a-view">
<h2>Loading a View<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To load a particular view file you will use the following method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where name is the name of your view file.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The .php file extension does not need to be specified
unless you use something other than .php.</p>
</div>
<p>Now, open the controller file you made earlier called Blog.php, and
replace the echo statement with the view loading method:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you visit your site using the URL you did earlier you should see your
new view. The URL was similar to this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="loading-multiple-views">
<h2>Loading multiple views<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-multiple-views" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>CodeIgniter will intelligently handle multiple calls to
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;view()</span></code> from within a controller. If more than one call
happens they will be appended together. For example, you may wish to
have a header view, a menu view, a content view, and a footer view. That
might look something like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Page</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;page_title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your title&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;header&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;menu&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the example above, we are using “dynamically added data”, which you
will see below.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storing-views-within-sub-directories">
<h2>Storing Views within Sub-directories<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-views-within-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Your view files can also be stored within sub-directories if you prefer
that type of organization. When doing so you will need to include the
directory name loading the view. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;directory_name/file_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view">
<h2>Adding Dynamic Data to the View<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Data is passed from the controller to the view by way of an <strong>array</strong> or
an <strong>object</strong> in the second parameter of the view loading method. Here
is an example using an array:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Heading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;message&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Message&#39;</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And heres an example using an object:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Someclass</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you use an object, the class variables will be turned
into array elements.</p>
</div>
<p>Lets try it with your controller file. Open it add this code:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now open your view file and change the text to variables that correspond
to the array keys in your data:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then load the page at the URL youve been using and you should see the
variables replaced.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-loops">
<h2>Creating Loops<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-loops" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The data array you pass to your view files is not limited to simple
variables. You can pass multi dimensional arrays, which can be looped to
generate multiple rows. For example, if you pull data from your database
it will typically be in the form of a multi-dimensional array.</p>
<p>Heres a simple example. Add this to your controller:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;todo_list&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Clean House&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Call Mom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Run Errands&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now open your view file and create a loop:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>My Todo List<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$todo_list</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Youll notice that in the example above we are using PHPs
alternative syntax. If you are not familiar with it you can read about
it <a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="returning-views-as-data">
<h2>Returning views as data<a class="headerlink" href="#returning-views-as-data" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>There is a third <strong>optional</strong> parameter lets you change the behavior of
the method so that it returns data as a string rather than sending it
to your browser. This can be useful if you want to process the data in
some way. If you set the parameter to TRUE (boolean) it will return
data. The default behavior is false, which sends it to your browser.
Remember to assign it to a variable if you want the data returned:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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